Personality Disorders and Psychopathy Flashcards

Flashcards about Personality Disorders and Psychopathy

Personality Disorder (Axis 2)

Behaviors similar to Schizophrenia, but symptoms do not reach the severity seen in Schizophrenia

Criterion A

An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture.

Criterion B

The enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations

Criterion C

The enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important area of functioning

Criterion D

The pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescents or early childhood

Cluster A

Odd-eccentric

Schizotypal

Symptoms of Schizophrenia that are not severe enough to warrant a diagnosis of Schizophrenia

Schizoid personality disorder

Flat affect

Cluster B

Dramatic-emotional

Histrionic personality disorder

Exaggerated emotionality that lacks depth.

Histrionic personality disorder

Tend to have low insight

Hilde

Individuals express a sense of superficiality in both her outward and inward expression.

Antisocial personality disorder

Psychopathy/sociopath is not the same thing

Antisocial personality disorder

Characterized by a disregard for and violation of the rights of others

Moral insanity

Not psychotically deranged and not deficit in reasoning abilities, but “Constitutionally deficient in moral faculties”

Psychopath

Grandiosity, arrogance, superficiality, an inability to form emotional bonds, and a lack of anxiety.

Psychopath

Genetic contribution

Early learning environment

Characterized by either passive or neglectful parenting attitudes or overly harsh parenting styles

Deficits in acquiring learning responses

Psychopaths don’t learn from rewards or punishments like most people do.

Deficits in acquiring fear responses

Individuals slow to develop conditioned response to fear and inclined to ignored painful shocks that control learned to avoid

Chronic low levels of arousal

Aversive physiological state resulting from a lack of novel/rewarding stimuli.

Cluster C

Anxious-fearful

Avoidant personality disorder

Feelings of extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticism and rejection

Dependent personality disorder

Feelings of helplessness, submissiveness, dependence, reassurance seeking

Narcissistic personality disorder

It has been compared to the "Tower of Babel"

Healthy narcissism

There exist both healthy expressions and maladaptive form of narcissism:

High-funtioning/exhibitionstic

Exaggerated sense of self-importance

Pathological narcissism

There two main dimensions of pathological narcissism

Grandiose narcissism

Domineering attitudes and behaviors

Grandiose Narcissism

They can't recognize they failed, so how will they learn from their mistakes?

Vulnerable narcissism

More insecure type

Borderline personality disorder

Not Realized

Borderline personality disorder

Instability in emotion, cognition, behavior, sense of self and interpersonal relationships

Amanda #1

Would cut herself and exaggerate the severity of her problems to avoid discharge from the hospital

Early learning factors

Linehan (1993) parental response to the child’s inner experiences are met with inappropriate or erratic responses from parents and caregivers

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

70%

What is inherited?

Traits that increase the risk of high anxiety, mood problem, poor impulse control, traits linked to antisocial behavior, emotional instability, and thinking difficulties

BPD “stable instability”

Instability in mood such as intense anger or in periods of rapidly changing negative emotion often in response to interpersonal stress. As well as instability of self image in who they are/or what they want

Borderline

A term meant to reflect his view that the disorder does not fit well within the existing classification system

Women with BPD

75%

Linhean

“affective instability”

Gunderson

“fear and intolerance” of aloneness

Environmental factors

an invalidating family environment

Main problems with most studies

Most studies rely on patients with BPD recalling their early life experiences, which can lead to biased or distorted recollections.

Attachment theory

Developed by John Bowlby proposed that infants develop an internal working model of themselves and others based on their early attachment experiences.

Disorganized attachment

Most frequently associated with BPD, often experienced chaotic or frightening caregiving, such as neglect or abuse, leading them to feel both drawn to and terrified of their caregiver

Bateman and Fonagay’s notions:

Refers to the term of mentalization

Executive neurocognition

Refers to a set of high-level cognitive processes that allow individual to control and regulate their thought, behaviors, and emotions in the survive of goals especially when faced with conflict

Interference control

The ability to suppress dominant, automatic, or irrelevant responses in order to focus on goal relevant stimuli

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control, at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency

Diagnostic issues

Critiqued for lacking a hallmark diagnostic feature

Types of Sexual disorder

Sexual dysfunction with the psychophysical characteristics of the sexual response cycle, and Paraphilias with the qualitative aspect deviations of sexuality

Paraphilia

Having an unusual sexual interest, but doesn’t cause harm, distress, or interfere with life

Paraphilic disorder

The unusual sexual interest does cause distress, harm or problems in life

Paraphilia, NOS

Stimuli that have become associated to release a physiological response of arousal but that do not necessary fit into one of the 8 board categories

Classical conditioning

Pairing of a neutral stimulus with sexual arousal

Imprinting

Early sexual experiences the shaping of subsequent sexual desires and fantasies

Conditioning and fantasy rehearsal

Self-directed conditioning paradigm

Early sexual trauma

Control over painful memory through mastery and identification with the aggressor

Vicarious learning

Children exposed to sexual violence may learn that sexual coercion is normative or associated with pleasure/power

Characteristic profile

Offenders are predominantly men, impulsivity, anger, aggression, dominance, etc. and heterosocial deficits

Fetishism

Erotic attraction to nonliving objects

Partialism

A form of fetishistic behavior involving intense erotic attraction to specific parts of the body

Sadism

Involves excitement in response to the infliction of psychological and physical suffering

Masochism

Involves excitement in response to being humiliated or made to suffer

Pedophilia

Adults for whom prepubescent children are the focus of erotic attraction and interest

Exhibitionism

Recurrent urge for exposure of the genital to strangers or unsuspecting persons

Frotteurism

Characterized by the individual’s touching or rubbing his genitals against the leg, buttocks, or other body parts of an unsuspecting person

Voyeurism

Involves the observation of an unsuspecting person or persons who are nude, disrobing, or engaging in a sexual act

Superficial charm and good intelligence and Lack of remorse or shame

Psychopaths often come across as charismatic, articulate, and liable at first, and rarely feel guilt, even after hurting others.

Inadequately motivated antisocial behaviour and Poor judgement and failure to learn from experience

Their antisocial act seem purposeless or irrational, not just about gain or revenge, repeat harmful behaviors despite knowing the consequences

Pathological egocentricity and incapacity for love and General poverty in major affective reactions

See others only in terms of usefulness and lack the ability to form real emotion bonds and don’t experience deep emotions like genuine sadness, pride, or love, their emotional life is shallow

BAS (behavioral Activation System)

Responds to cues of reward or non-punishment and Drives approach behavior (e.g. seeking pleasure, risk-taking) and Associated with impulsivity and reward sensitivity

BIS (behavioral inhibition system)

Responds to cues of punishment, frustration, or novelty, Inhibits behavior, especially in situation of goal conflict, Associated with anxiety, caution, and risk avoidance

Brain area involved in learning deficits

Amygdala is they key brain involved in learning deficits particularly in aversive conditioning and emotion related learning

Response Modulation hypothesis (RMH)

Have a deficit in shifting attention partially when relevant cues are peripheral to their primary focus attention

Findings

The level of psychopathic traits in an adolescent is correlated with the level of psychopathic traits in their close peer group

CU are among the most heritable features of psychopathy

Genetic twin design prove this