05.3EF AN U5P1 (PARTS E & F) Homeostatic Imbalances of the Skeletal System & Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton

Bursitis

Inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

Tendonitis

Inflammation of tendon sheaths

Arthritis

Inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints; over 100 different types; the most widespread crippling disease in the United States

Osteoarthritis

Most common chronic arthritis affecting 20 million Americans; related to normal aging processes; the cartilage between joints breaks down; can affect any joint but most common in knees, hip, spine and fingers and leads to pain stiffness and swelling; treat with anti-inflammatory medication

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the joints that affects 1.3 Million Americans; cause is unknown; woman 2-3 times more likely to get; typically go into remission when pregnant and symptoms can often increase after pregnancy

Gouty arthritis

Inherited disorder of purine metabolism; occurs more in men; more chance of getting gout if overweight, drink too much or eat too much meat and fish; inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood; most commonly affects feet, but can also affect ankles, hand, wrists, elbows and knees; results in asymmetrical swelling of joint; symptoms include sudden burning pain, stiffness and swelling; corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory medications can be given to relieve pain and tissue swelling; can usually be controlled with diet, limit most red meats, seafood and beer

Kyphosis

Outward curve of thoracic spine

Lordosis

Inward curve of lumbar spine

Scoliosis

Sideways curvature of the spine

Rickets

Caused by lack of vitamin D, calcium or phosphate
Leads to softening and weakening of bones
Rare in the U.S.; most likely to occur in children during periods of rapid growth; breastfed babies can be at risk;
milk in U.S. is vitamin D fortified; results in bone pain or tenderness and skeletal deformities - bowlegs, spine curvature; treatment involves relieving symptoms and providing supplements; replacing calcium, phosphate, or vitamin D will eliminate most symptoms; if not corrected when the child is still growing, skeletal deformities and short stature may be permanent

Skull of the Newborn

There are 2 fontanelles or spaces between the bones of an infant's skull where sutures intersect that are covered by tough membranes that protect the underlying soft tissues and brain

Anterior Fontanelle

Diamond-shaped area between the two frontal and two parietal bones that forms the soft spot, remains soft until about 18 months to 2 years

Posterior Fontanelle

A small triangular shaped area between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone that forms opening in the skull of an infant; usually closes first during the first several months of an infant's life

Fontanelles (Function)

During birth, fontanelles enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal

Osteoporosis

Thinning of bone tissue and loss of bone density; symptoms occur late in the disease and include bone pain, fractures, loss of height, back and neck pain; treatment includes controlling pain and slowing bone loss with medications like bisphosphonates (Boniva/ Fosamax), calcitonin and hormone replacement therapy (estrogen)
Prevention involves exercise, getting at least 1,200 mg/day of calcium and 800 - 1,000 IU/day of vitamin D