CONGRESS OF VIENNA, CONCERT OF EUROPE, REVOLUTIONS OF 19th

Effects of the Napoleonic Wars

1. Congress of Vienna

- Principle of Legitimacy

- Quadruple Alliance

-Punish France

- Kings Restored

- Redistribute land

2. Conservatism

- Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France

3. Concert of Europe

- France Joins

- Maintain NEW balance of power

- Charles Perigord, french negotiator

4. Principle of Intervention

- great powers send armies where there were revolutions to return Bourbons to thrones

- britain says no

5. Latin American Revolutions

- Simone de Volivar and Venezuela, Colombia, Ecquador, Peru

- Jose de San Martin

- Free Chile, Lima, Peru, gives to bolivar to finish

Congress of Vienna (COV)

Prince Klemens von Metternich, Austrian foreign minister and prince is an aristocrat who believed everuthing should be handled by aristocrats with monarchs in charge.

Quadruple Alliance = Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia .

For Peace and Stability

Principle of Legitimacy, new balance of power,

COV and Other Countries (aka bullying France)

- Barriers to french expansion: Netherlands, Peidmont, Germanic Confederation, Prussia

- PUNISH FRANCE FOR ENTHUSIASM TO NAPOLEONS RETURN French borders pushed back to 1792. Louis XVIII restored

- Spain Ferdinand VII, Italian States, Ferdinand I

- Redistribute land: Russia Tsar Alexander I was king of Poland

- Prussia gets 2/5 saxony, Westphalia, left bank of Rhine

- Austria lose netherlands gain Lombardy and Venetia

- Piedmont enlarged

- Germanic Confederation

Conservatism

Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France

yes to organized religion, no to revolution, liberty, representation, nationalism, and social order is imperative COMMUNITY>>INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

Concert of Europe

France Joins Quadruple Alliance

Maintain new balance of power, (distribution of lands, restored kings, no revolutions, against Bonaparte power)

Principle of Intervention

idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments

Rejected by the British

Austrian troops to Naples and restore Ferdinand I

French troops to Spain and restore Ferdinand VII

Britain was successful in keeping them away from Latin American Revolts

Latin American Revolts

Simone de Bolivar:

- wanted to free his people from spanish control,

Venezeulan liberator, defeated spanish forces there 1821,

liberated Colombia, Ecquador, Peru

Jose de San Martín

- Abandoned military career in Spain after hearing of liberation movement in his hometown Argentina

Led forces into Andes 1812 and FREES CHILE

- 1821 moves on to liberate Lima, Peru, center of Spanish authority and gives up to Bolivar to take over

Effects of COV/Revolutions of the 19th

1. Spain

2. Italy

3. Russia

4. Greece

5. France

6. Engand

7. The British Acts- Corn Laws, Comination Acts, Six Acts, Factory Acts

Spain

King Ferdinand VII, restored and promised to honor the Cortes (liberal constitution)

Breaks his promise once he is enthroned, disbands parliament and persecutes liberals,

Ferdinand VII tries to help destroy Latin American revolts : the army rebells with the middle class and the king accepted liberal reforms that limits his power

French armies destroy revolution

Italian States

King Ferdinand of Naples, promised liberal reform in exile, lied

Nationalistic society: Carbonari go against him

Metternich and Austria worry and bypass Trouppau Protocal and gave allied powers to invade and put down rebellions

Russia

Led by Nicholas I

Aristocrats believed the rightful king should have been Constantine because he would have made it a constitutional monarch,

Decembrist Revolt made Nicholas I start secret police..and harsh oppression of the people

Greece

Rebellions SUPPORTED by Allied powers

Greece controlled by Islamic Ottoman Empire

Europeans went to Greece to support and fight against Ottomans from Russia, Britain, and France

France

1. Louis XVIII

Louis XVIII forced to work with Charter of 1814, hastily written Constitution that angered both liberals and royalists

Liberals upset that there was no popular sovereignty given that the people and that the King while a consititutional monarch had a complete control over the reins of power as only he could introduce legislation to the government

Royalists were upset that the charter confirmed the purchased land from the Church and the aristocracy during the revolution

Duke de Berry, Louis' brother assassinated

Royalists start to reform government back to absolute monarchy. Censorship of press and compensation for lost Church and Aristocracy land

2. Charles X

Agressive attitude toward reform and revolt

Law of Sacrilege which made attacking church a death penalty (even verbal attack)

July Ordinances 1829 by ultraroyalist chief minister, dissolved new assembly, took away right to vote from upper bourgeosie, and censorship

ANOTHER FRENCH REVOLUTION

Liberals do not want paris mob or republic

Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans

July Revolution 1830, ended with Louis Philipe being crowned and July Monarchy + revolutions across Europe

England

English Upper class against redorm

Concern for economic downturn after Napoleonic Wars

60k protest the government in St Peters field in Manchester asking for universal male suffrage and annual parliament

Peterloo Massacre- Soldiers open fire on the crowd killing 11

--> THE ACTS

The Acts

The Six Acts - response to the massacre by Parliament

After George III dies, more reform mood SHIFT

Comination Acts REPEALED, in 1824 which had banned union acitivity, in five years Catholics being unable to hold political offices and government jobs are REPEALED

Great Reform Bill of 1832, expanded the electroate, included small landowners, tenant farms shop keepers renters that paid 10 pounds rent annually

Excluded women

Factory act of 1833, limited number of hours that children could work and established government inspectors to assess working conditions

Slavery Abolition Act 1834, delight of abolitionists

3. Queen Victoria 1837 GOLDEN AGE OF ENGLAND

BUSINESSES DOMINATE

Corn Laws REPEALED, which had placed high tariffs on imported grain to support domestic growers. While people had formed Anti-Corn Law leqgue to protest the laws, business got them repealed because they hoped that lower food prices would result in their having to pay workers less money

ESSAY

conservative institiutions of the 19th century eliminate revolutions in the 19th century to a moderate extent

moderate: Greek is supported, Spain, Italian states, Russia destroyed

EBD: The Six Acts in Britain

Context: Napoleonic Wars, Napoleonic Empire