Africa History Review

Imperialism

Stronger nations take over weaker countries.

Pan-Africanism

A movement aimed at uniting people of African descent to improve living conditions for Africans worldwide.

Triangular Trade

Trade network involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Middle Passage

The route between Africa and the Americas, central to the slave trade.

Scramble for Africa

The race among European countries to exert control over African territories.

Berlin Conference

An 1884 conference where European powers divided Africa among themselves, with no African representation.

Nationalism

A sense of pride, love, and devotion to one’s home country.

Factors Influencing Interest in Africa

Trade routes, strategic pit stops for maritime trade, abundant natural resources, the lucrative slave trade, and avoidance of taxes imposed by the Ottoman Empire.

Legacy of the Scramble for Africa

Continues to create conflicts, divisions, and civil wars within the continent.

Nigerian Independence Movement

Initially colonized by Great Britain, Nigeria gained independence in 1960 after a movement that began peacefully but led to civil war.

Key Figure: Jomo Kenyatta

Independence leader and first president of Kenya.

Key Figure: Mau Mau

A secret society of guerrilla fighters in Kenya who played a crucial role in the fight for independence from Great Britain.

Sudan Independence Movement

Great Britain colonized Sudan, leading to independence in 1956, influenced by the governance favoring Arab individuals.

Apartheid

A system of racial segregation implemented in South Africa.

African National Congress (ANC)

Political party established to combat apartheid.

Nelson Mandela

A prominent ANC figure who was imprisoned and later became the first black president of South Africa after working to end apartheid.

F.W. de Klerk

The last State President of apartheid-era South Africa who dismantled apartheid laws.

Sharpeville Massacre

A tragic event where a peaceful protest against apartheid turned violent due to police intervention.

Famine

Extended periods of extreme food scarcity.

Genocide

Systematic mass killings motivated by race, religion, ethnicity, or political differences.

Hutu

An ethnic group in Rwanda that perpetrated genocide against the Tutsi population.

Tutsi

An ethnic group in Rwanda targeted in the Hutu-led genocide.

Sudan and Genocide

Instances of ethnic cleansing in the Darfur region, particularly involving control over oil and water resources.

HIV/AIDS

HIV is a virus that can remain dormant, and AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection.

Literacy in Africa

Literacy rates for girls are generally lower than for boys; urban areas show better literacy levels compared to rural regions.