Time Period 2 Test

What technological advancement fueled the rise of land-based and maritime empires during the Early Modern Age?

Gunpowder technologies

What economic concept led to exploration and colonization in the Early Modern Age?

Mercantilism

What was a major consequence of the Age of Exploration?

The establishment of trading-post empires

What significant demographic changes occurred in European societies during this period?

The Agricultural Revolution and urbanization

How did European rulers centralize control during the Early Modern Age?

Through Absolutism, religion, architecture, art, tax collection systems, and an imperial bureaucracy

What was England's response to Absolutism?

Utilizing Constitutionalism through its parliament

What major religious conflicts arose during the Reformation?

The Protestant Reformation and the Counter-Reformation

What movement was characterized by hypotheses, observations, and philosophical thinking?

The Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

What role did state-sponsored expeditions play in maritime travel?

They facilitated exploration across Africa, Asia, and the Americas

Who was responsible for the discovery of the Americas in 1492?

Christopher Columbus

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The exchange of diseases, crops, and animals between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

How did the Spanish Empire impact global silver trade?

They started the global flow of silver from their colonies in the Americas

What were the effects of the Triangular Trade?

Facilitated the transport of millions of enslaved Africans and impacted all three continents

What was the Songhai Empire's method for legitimizing power?

Promotion of Islam and rule under Askia the Great

What was the significance of the Asante and Kongo states in Africa?

Their participation in maritime trading networks increased their influence

What were the impacts of plantation economies in the Americas?

Created a new social hierarchy and increased demand for enslaved labor

How did Russia expand its power during the Early Modern period?

Through powerful monarchs like Ivan III and Ivan IV and eastward expansion

What role did the Eastern Orthodox Church play in Russian politics?

It was used to legitimize the power of Russian monarchs under divine right

What was the impact of the Romanov family on Russia?

They enforced reforms, westernized and modernized Russia, and expanded the empire

What characterized the Islamic Gunpowder Empires?

The use of gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade to establish large empires

Who were some major rulers of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires?

Suleiman I and Akbar the Great

What was the significance of Sikhism in South Asia?

It developed from interactions between Hinduism and Islam

What was the Mandate of Heaven?

A Chinese philosophical concept used to justify the rule of emperors

What were the major cultural impacts of the Renaissance?

A rebirth in Classical texts, artwork, and the rise of humanism

What were the main forms of Protestantism that emerged?

Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism

What technological invention facilitated the spread of Reformation ideas?

The printing press

What was the role of the Catholic Church in the Protestant Reformation?

Corruption through indulgences and simony led to theological disagreements

What document did Martin Luther write to object to the sale of indulgences?

The 95 Theses

What action did Pope Leo X take against Martin Luther?

He excommunicated Luther.

What was the Edict of Worms?

It marked the split between Luther and the Catholic Church.

What principle states that salvation comes from faith alone?

Sola Fide

What is the significance of 'Sola Scriptura'?

It emphasizes that scripture alone is the authority in Christianity.

Who authored the 'Institutes of Christian Religion'?

John Calvin

What term refers to French Protestants influenced by Calvinism?

Huguenots

What was the Act of Supremacy?

It declared the king of England as the head of the Anglican Church.

What was the Counter-Reformation?

A vigorous effort by Catholics to secure their dominance and reform against Protestants.

What was the purpose of the Inquisition during the Counter-Reformation?

To root out nonbelievers, often using torture.

What religious order was established to promote Catholicism during the Counter-Reformation?

The Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

What did the Council of Trent address?

It conceded on church abuses and reinforced Catholic practices.

What was the Peace of Augsburg?

It allowed German states to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism.

What was the Edict of Nantes?

It allowed Huguenots to practice their faith in France.

What was the outcome of the Thirty Years War?

It led to widespread famine and destruction in Central Europe.

What did the Peace of Westphalia establish?

It allowed each area of the Holy Roman Empire to choose their Christian denomination.

What is the concept of Divine Right to Rule?

The belief that kings are appointed by God and their power is not limited.

What characterized French Absolutism?

A monarch ruling freely without laws to regulate them.

Who was Louis XIV?

The absolute ruler of France known for centralizing power and the phrase 'L'état, c'est moi.'

What was the significance of the English Bill of Rights?

It assured individual civil liberties and limited the monarchy's power.

What was the Glorious Revolution?

The removal of James II and the ascension of William III and Mary II to the throne.

What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution?

It emphasized empiricism and rationalism in understanding natural laws.

Who was Isaac Newton?

A scientist who published 'Principia,' explaining laws of motion and gravity.

What was the Age of Exploration?

A period marked by European maritime expeditions to discover new trade routes.

What role did mercantilism play in exploration?

It led to the rise of joint-stock companies and competition for wealth.

What were the main European powers involved in colonization during the Age of Exploration?

Portugal, Spain, France, Britain, and the Netherlands.

What technological advancements facilitated transoceanic travel?

Innovative ship designs and navigational tools.

What economic theory measures a nation's power in terms of wealth?

Mercantilism

What was the primary goal of mercantilism?

To hoard wealth and colonize rich lands.

What were the major causes for European exploration during the Commercial Revolution?

High demand for goods from the East, new technologies, and competition for trade routes.

What is a caravel?

A small, fast ship developed by Portugal that was critical in exploration.

What navigational tools were essential for explorers?

Compass and astrolabe.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

It divided the New World between Portugal and Spain.

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

A Portuguese prince who sponsored seafaring expeditions and initiated the Age of Exploration.

What was the primary labor system used in Spanish colonies?

Encomienda system.

What role did joint-stock companies play in colonial expansion?

They allowed individuals to invest capital with limited liability for managing trade and colonies.

What was the impact of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?

It led to the establishment of New Spain and significant wealth flowing back to Spain.

What were the main characteristics of the Dutch trading post empire?

Small posts in the Indian Ocean and Asia, with a focus on spice trade and significant profits.

What was the significance of the British East India Company?

It maintained a strong presence in India and facilitated British colonial expansion.

What were the consequences of colonization in the Americas?

Creation of a new social hierarchy, growth of plantations, and the global flow of silver.

What was the role of Adam Smith in economic thought?

He argued against mercantilism and promoted free trade through his work 'The Wealth of Nations.'

What were the main crops introduced to Europe from the Americas?

Potatoes, tomatoes, and maize.

Who were the conquistadors?

Spanish conquerors who claimed territories in the Americas.

What was the impact of the Omani-European rivalry?

It affected trade routes and competition for control over trade in the Indian Ocean.

What was the significance of the Casta System in Spanish colonies?

It established a racial hierarchy that influenced social and economic status.

What was the role of gunpowder weapons in exploration?

They provided military advantages for European powers in conquering new territories.

What was the primary focus of French colonial efforts in North America?

Fur trade and alliances with Native Americans.

What characterized the British approach to colonization in North America?

Fostering an independent spirit through Salutary Neglect.

What were the main features of the Dutch East India Company?

It had a monopoly over the Spice Islands and became the wealthiest company in history.

What was the impact of the South Sea Bubble on British investors?

It led to significant financial losses but did not greatly affect colonial operations.

What was the role of the Bank of Amsterdam?

It facilitated international trade and placed the Dutch at the center of commercial practice.

What were the primary motivations behind European exploration?

Gold, God, and Glory.

What major event did Christopher Columbus achieve in 1492?

He reached the Americas.

Which empires were conquered by Spanish conquistadors?

The Aztec and Inca empires.

What percentage of Native Americans were wiped out by disease after European contact?

50-90%.

What crops became staples in Afro-Eurasia due to the Columbian Exchange?

Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao.

What impact did the introduction of European diseases have on Native Americans?

It killed up to 90% of the Native American population.

What labor system compelled indigenous people to work for landowners in exchange for food and shelter?

Encomienda.

What was the Casta System?

A social hierarchy in colonial Latin America based on race and ethnicity.

Who were the Peninsulares in the Casta System?

Spanish-born Europeans.

What was the role of Jesuits in colonial Latin America?

They were used to convert indigenous people to Christianity.

What type of slavery became common in Cuba and Central America?

Chattel slavery.

What was the significance of sugarcane plantations in Brazil?

They thrived under a tropical climate and relied heavily on enslaved Africans.

What cultural blending occurred due to European, native, and African interactions?

Creole languages and religious syncretism emerged.

What was Santeria?

A syncretic belief system that melded Christianity with West African religious traditions.

Who was Bartolomé de las Casas?

A Spanish priest who advocated against the mistreatment of Indigenous peoples.

What was the Pueblo Revolt?

A revolt against Spanish rule by Native Americans opposing forced labor and religious suppression.

What was the Stono Rebellion?

The largest slave revolt in the Southern Colonial era, occurring in South Carolina.

What was the Songhai Empire known for?

It was a powerful empire in West Africa that expanded under Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad.

What led to the decline of the Songhai Empire?

Moroccan forces defeated it using firearms and cannons.

What was the role of local rulers in the African slave trade?

They traded slaves for gunpowder and cannons, enhancing their power and economy.

What was the impact of the Global Flow of Silver?

It strengthened mercantilist policies in Spain and became currency in China.

What was the significance of the horse in the Americas?

It transformed the lifestyle of many Native peoples, particularly on the plains.