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anoxia
too little oxygen reaches the tissues
cyanosis
blue or purple discoloration of skin due to lack of oxygen
diffusion
movement of gases from one area to another
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
hemoptysis
expectoration of blood from respiratory tract
hypoxia
oxygen deficiency in tissues
hypoxemia
deficient oxygenation of the blood
ischemia
lack of blood supply to area of the body due to arteria obstruction
perfusion
the flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells
retractions
intercostal muscles pull inward during inhalation
ventilation
circulation and gas exchange in the lungs
pulmonary vetilation
oxygen moving in and out of the lungs
alveolar ventilation
air and gas exchange in the alveoli
what is the scope of oxygenation?
a continuum of good oxygenation to no oxygenation
what is oxygenation?
providing cells with oxygen through ventilation, respiration and perfusion
What are assessment findings in a person with good oxygenation?
good oxygen saturation, bronchovesicular breath sounds, normal skin color
What are assessment findings in a person with poor oxygenation?
cyanosis, low oxygen saturation, abnormal breath sounds, retractions
What is a complication of poor oxygenation?
hypoxemia, altered LOC, impaired vital signs, low ABG, dyspnea, apnea
What are modifiable risk factors for oxygenation?
smoking, medication, weight, diet, exercise, anesthesia, head injury, stroke
What are non-modifiable risk factors for oxygenation?
age, race, genetics, air pollution, allergies
how is oxygenation different in children than adults?
children have small airways, transition from birth, decreased alveolar surface area, preferential nose breathers
Are there any gerontologic considerations?
stiff chest wall, less elastic recoil, weaker muscles, decreased alveolar surface area, decreased immune response
Primary prevention measures?
vaccines, healthy lifestyle, hand hygiene
Secondary measures?
chest x-ray, diagnostic tests to monitor, TB test
tertiary/ collaborative care examples?
supply oxygen, medications that help with oxygenation, raise head of bed
How do you determine what type of oxygen device to use?
determine based on oxygen saturation level
what oxygen device to use for oxygen saturation level of 85-90%?
nasal cannula
what oxygen device to use for oxygen saturation level of 80-85%?
venturi mask
what oxygen device to use for oxygen saturation level less than 80%?
non-rebreather
How much oxygen does a nasal cannula provide?
2-6L
how much oxygen does a venturi mask provide?
4-6L
How much oxygen does a non-rebreather provide?
10-15L
What are the priority nursing interventions for a patient with poor oxygenation?
raise head of bed, provide oxygen, administer medication, educate