Air Pollution Midterm 1

What does NAAQS stand for?

National Ambient Air Quality Control

What does WUI stand for?

Wildfire and Urban Interface

What does PFAS stand for?

Per - and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. They are synthetic forever chemicals.

What does CAA stand for?

Clean Air Act

What does SIPs stand for?

State Implementation Plans

What does NSPSs stand for?

New Source of Emission Reduction

What does BSER stand for?

Best System of Emission Reduction

What does MACT stand for?

Maximum Achievable Control Technology

What is MACT based upon?

The best per formers (top 12%) in an industry

What is an air pollutant?

A contaminant present in the air at high enough levels that has the potential to negatively impact human health, welfare, or ecosystems.

What are some examples of PM?

Sand, Dust, Pollen, Ash, Aerosols

NAAQS only applies to air contaminants in outdoor air

True

What does AQI stand for?

Air Quality Index

What does CARB stand for?

California Air Resources Board

Is VOC a NAAQS?

No

What was the milestone that happened in 1963?

Clean Air Act

What was the milestone that happened in 1970?

First Clean Air Act Amendments

What was the milestone that happened in 1990?

Clean Air Act Amendments that establish 7 titles

Which clean air act amendment title governs acid rain?

Title IV

During temperature inversion, is the air near the ground surface cold or warm?

Cold

Is vertical mixing good or bad during inversion?

Bad, the inversion layer stops the normal rising and traps pollutants near the ground.

When does inversion happen?

At night with calm winds

Is the air between the Sun and Earths surface warmed up via radiation?

No, The ground is warmed via the suns radiation when then warms the air above via conduction.

During the day is there good or bad dispersion of air?

good

During the night is there good or bad dispersion of air?

bad

Why was PM10 regulated earlier than PM2.5?

Technology couldn't yet monitor PM2.5, even though it is more harmful.

Which 6 pollutants are monitored under NAAQS

PM, O3, SO2, NO2, CO, Pb

Which two terms make up the term PM?

PM10 and PM2.5

What region is California in?

Region 9

If California's regulations are so strict, why is our air still so bad?

Car centric lifestyle, large population, wildfires, warmer climates

Are military emissions required to report to EPA?

No

Describe the Cap and Trade system

sets an overall limit (the "cap") on the total amount of a specific pollutant that can be emitted, then issues or sells a limited number of permits (allowances) equal to that cap to polluters

What is EPA Standardized emission regulation for O2?

7%

What does Cv stand for in the Venturi Meter eqn?

empirical coefficient

What does B stand for in the Venturi Meter eqn?

B = D2 / D1

How do NSPS and MACT differ from NAAQS?

NSPS and MACT monitors at the stack while NAAQS monitors the plume.

What chemical is regulated under the cap-and-trade system?

sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and also nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Which state has its own standard of mobile sources?

CA

Volume mixing ratio: Does it work for both gas and particles?

gas only

Mass per volume: Does it work for both gas and particles?

Both

What does 1 ppm =

1000 ppb

What does 1% =

10,000 ppm

What are the units for ppm?

mg/m3

What are the units for ppb?

ug/m3

What chemicals does an impinger remove?

Water vapor

What do we want to remove O2 and water from stack smoke?

We don't want to dilute the contamient

What is the wet stack gas composed of?

water, N2, O2, and whatever air containments given in the question.

What is the dry stack gas composed of?

N2, O2, and whatever air containments given in the question. NO WATER

What elements of a problem don't change before and after water removal in a stack?

Molar flow (mol/min) or Mol (mol)

How is carbon monoxide (CO) formed?

incomplete oxidation of carbon

What are the 3 major reactions with NOx

NO + O2 -> NO2

NO2 + sunllight + VOC -> NO + O3

NO2 -> HNO3

Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

Collective term of NO2 and NO

What is the main producer of NOx

Burning of fuel

What are the combustion % for NOx

90% NO

10% NO2

Sulfur Oxides (SOx)

Collective term of SO2 + SO3

What are the 2 major reactions with SOx

SO2 + O2 -> SO3

SO2 + H2O -> H2SO4

VOCs

Volatile Organic Compounds

What phase are VOCs in

gas

PM

Particulate Matter

What phase are PM?

solid

Which pollutant has a large size range

PM, 1nm-100um

When is ozone good?

When its in the stratosphere it shields us from UV

When is ozone bad?

When its near ground level is harms us and our plants

What are primary pollutants?

direct products of combustion and evaporation, dust mobilization.

What are secondary pollutants?

formed by chemical reactions involving primary pollutants.

What are some examples of primary pollutants?

CO, CO2, NO, NO2, SO2

What are some examples of secondary pollutants?

SO3, O3

What is the difference between weather and climate?

Weather is the state of atm at a specific place and time. While climate is the averaged weather over a period of time.

What are direct effects of PM in our atm?

Scattering and Absorbing Radiation

What are indirect effects of PM in our atm?

Increasing cloud lifetime and albedo, cooling

When PM scatterers radiation what effect does it have?

Cooling

When PM absorbs radiation what effect does it have?

Warming

Albedo

The fraction of incoming radiation reflected from a particular surface.

ALL of the outgoing Earth radiation is

infrared

Sunlight is most intense in the visible and infrared part of the spectrum

true

At what temperature does GHGs keep the earth?

58F or 14C

What does u stand for in the Venturi Meter eqn?

Velocity

What parameter is read from a manometer?

Change in height -> gives change in pressure

What parameter is read from a orifice meter?

Change of pressure

What parameter is read from a rotameter?

Change of P^2

Name some GHG's

N2O, CH4, CO2, fluorinated gases

What does an atmotube device monitor?

PM, VOC, Temp, Humidity

What does a Arenet 4 device monitor?

CO2, temp, humidity

In what direction does the wavelength increase from UV, Visible, Infrared radiation

UV has the shortest -> longest

Federal Reference Method (FRM)

• Provides fundamentally sound and scientifically defensible concentration measurements• Serve as the basis of comparison to judge other methods

Federal Equivalence Method (FEM)

• Provide comparable level of compliance decision making quality as FRMs• May include newer, innovative technologies

Which reference monitor is Manual, sample on filters over 24-hour, intermittent?

Federal Reference Method (FRM)

Which reference monitor is Continuous or near-continuous monitoring?

Federal Equivalence Method (FEM)

Electrochemical (EC) Gas Sensors

measure the charge across a chemical reaction

Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Sensors

measure a change in resistance when a gas interacts with the sensor's surface

Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) Gas Sensors

use infrared light to detect the presence of gas molecules in the air

Which air sensor is usually more accurate?

Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) Gas Sensors

Which approach is used to measure PM in air sensors?

Optical approach: light scattered by a particle(s) is used to estimate the particle mass concentration.

What is thermodynamics

study of the relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed.5

What are the three ways heat can move?

Convection, Conduction, Radiation

Describe the process of Convection

Heat moves with the fluid movement. Fluid moves when heat changes the fluid density in a non-homogeneous way.

Describe the process of Conduction

Heat moves without fluid movement. Heat is transferred directly as internal energy due to a temperature gradient

Describe the process of Radiation

Heat moves via electromagnetic waves.

Specific Heat Capacity (Cp)

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of mass by1 degree Celsius