Chapters 1 & 3 Medmicro Review

What are pathogens?

microorganisms that cause disease

What is the job of a decomposer?

breaks down dead plants and animals

Give examples of a decomposer.

bacteria and fungi

What are prokaryotes?

- simple cells
- smaller than eukaryote
- lack nucleus and organelles
- i.e.: bacteria and archaea

What are eukaryotes?

- complex cells
- membrane bound organelles
- i.e.: algae, protozoa, molds, yeast, worms, arthropods

What are the six microorganisms?

- algae
- bacteria
- virus
- protozoa
- fungi
- helminths (worms)

Define genetic engineering.

manipulation of genes in organisms

Define microorganisms.

organisms that are too small to be seen with eyes

What is biotechnology?

Manipulation of (living) microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting

What are some examples of biotechnology?

- production of foods
- production of drugs
- production of vaccines
- yeast turning into alcohol

What are viruses?

- acellular, non-living particles
- uses host cells
- cannot reproduce on their own

What make up viruses?

- nucleic acid
- protein

Who invented the microscope and magnifying lenses?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Read Making connections 1.1. Look at the contributions of Louis Pasteur.

- father of microbiology
- recognised small microbes cause disease
- developed pasteurisation
- developed 2 vaccines: rabies & anthrax
- demonstrated Germ Theory

List out the process of the scientific method.

- observe
- question
- research
- hypothesise
- experiment
- test hypothesis
- draw conclusion
- report
- develop into theory

What is spontaneous generation?

belief that some form of life forms out of the blue

What are Koch's postulates?

series of proof that verified Germ Theory

What did Koch's postulates establish?

established whether an organism was pathogenic and what disease it caused

List taxons in order from most to least inclusive (TEST QUESTION)

- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species

* DEAR KING PHILIP CAME FOR GOOD SOUP *

What is taxonomy?

organising, classifying, and naming living things

What is the smallest/most limited taxon?

species

Understand how to write the scientific name of an organism.

- genus => species
- italicise or underline
- capitalise genus
- lowercase species

Define phylogeny.

- natural relatedness between groups of living things
- THINK OF EVOLUTION

What does an epidemiologist do?

tracts the spread of an infectious disease to its source

What are monerans?

- bacteria and archaea
- prokaryotic cells
- unicellular

What are protists?

- algae and protozoa
- eukaryotic cells
- simple/ unicellular/ multicellular/ colonial organisms

What are fungi?

- ascomycetes
- basidiomycetes
- eukaryotic cells
- unicellular/multicellular
- cell walls
- not photosynthetic

What are plants?

- angiosperms
- ferns
- eukaryotic cells
- multicellular
- cell wall
- are photosynthetic

What are animals?

- arthropods
- chordates
- eukaryotic cells
- multicellular
- cell membrane
- derive nutrients from other organisms

Define helminths.

parasitic worms

What is photosynthesis?

- convert light energy (from sun) into chemical energy to function properly
- produces oxygen
- carbon dioxide converts into organic material

What are parasites?

- microorganism that lives on/inside a host
- derives nutrients from infected host
- cause damage/harm to host

What was Joseph Lister's contribution to science?

introduced antiseptic techniques

Who determined that diseases were caused by specific organisms?

Robert Koch

What was the disease and bacterium that Koch discovered?

- disease: anthrax
- bacterium: Bacillus anthracis

What are the rules when giving an organism a scientific name?

- capitalise genus and lowercase species
- both are italicised or underlined
- can be abbreviated with initial of genus
- i.e.: Staphylococcus aureus => S. aureus

Who proposed assigning organisms to one of three domains?

- Carl Woese
- George Fox

Who are the main decomposers?

- bacteria
- fungi

What is the most common infectious disease worldwide prior to COVID-19?

HIV/AIDS

What is a vector?

- living organism that carries/spread disease
- animal to animal
- animal to human
- i.e.: mosquitoes, fleas, ticks

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

ticks

How is Zika and Malaria transmitted?

diseased mosquitoes

Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have organelles?

eukaryotic cells

What are the 3 domains of life?

- bacteria
- eukarya
- archaea

What is Ferdinand Cohn's contribution to microbiology?

- demonstrated the presence of heat-resistant forms of some microbes
- endospores are harder to kill

What is biomediation?

- using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem
- bring balance back into environment

what chronic conditions are associated with microbial agents?

- gastric ulcers (H. pylori)
- type 1 diabetes
- chlamydia (infertility)
- HPV (cervical cancer)

What does the branch of immunology study?

- study reactions caused by invading microbes
- i.e.: hives => immune response

Define zoonosis

- disease that can be transmitted to humans from infected animals
- i.e.: rabies

What is a deductive approach when testing a hypothesis?

testing to prove hypothesis

What is inductive reasoning?

observation and then hypothesis

What are emerging diseases?

- older identified diseases that are reported in increasing numbers

What is a theory?

explanation/statement of why things happen (has not been tested)

What are the 6 I's

- inoculation
- incubation
- isolation
- inspection
- information gathering
- identification

Define inoculation.

introduction of sample into a container of media to produce a culture

Define incubation.

controlled environment that enables growth of cultures

Define isolation.

separation of one specific from another

Define inspection.

observation of appearance of growth characteristics

Define information gathering.

gathering information based on observation

Define identification.

connection of info to identify specimen

Give examples of microbiological media.

- agar
- enriched
- synthetic
- complex/ non-synthetic
- broth
- live
- solid

What is the purpose of solid medium?

supports growth and isolation of colonies on its surface

Define pure culture.

single species growing in container

What does it mean when a culture becomes contaminated?

exposure to another form of specimen

What is the purpose of a selective medium?

contains ingredients that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of another

What is pour plate?

- nutrient broth and gelatin is heated, poured, and swirled into petri dish
- specimens found throughout and on surface of agar

What medium will grow fastidious bacteria?

enriched media

What is reducing medium?

- contains substance to remove oxygen
- anaerobic bacteria

What is a synthetic medium?

- contains pure organic and inorganic compounds
- chemically defined

What is the purpose of a differential medium?

distinguished between different types of microbes

Why would you use a medium that contains thioglycolic acid?

culture anaerobic organisms

Mannitol salt agar is selective for which bacteria?

staphylococcus

What is needed in a selective medium to analyse a fecal specimen

- bile
- bacteria in intestines

Define resolving power.

- ability to show detail
- blur one and focus on another

What do we call the image that the objective lens magnifies?

real image

How do you calculate total magnification?

objective power x ocular power

What would you see if you used a dark field microscope?

- brightly illuminated live specimens
- dark background

What does an electron microscope use to magnify specimens?

- use electrons for imaging
- do not use light

Which microscope would achieve the greatest resolution and highest magnification?

electron microscope

What would you see if you used a phase-contrast microscope?

intracellular structures

What is the most widely used microscope?

light microscope

What is chocolate agar?

- medium used for growing fastidious bacteria
- contains sheep blood

How does a scanning electron microscope work?

- uses electrons while scanning back and forth over metal coated specimen
- produce 3D image

How does a fluorescence microscope work?

- UV light radiation source
- uses dyes (acridine and fluorescein)
- diagnose certain infections
- type of compound microscope

Why would you prepare a specimen using the hanging drop method?

observation of motility

Why do we stain cells?

add contrast to see cells better

Give 3 examples of differential stains.

- gram
- acid-fast
- endospore

What are basic dyes attracted to?

acidic components of cells

What is simple staining?

One dye used to see shape and size

How would specimens appear under the microscope?

specimen will come out in one colour

What is a complex media?

nutrient rich that are chemically undefined

Give 3 examples of complex media.

- TSA (trypticase soy agar)
- brain-heart infusion
- yeast
- nutrient agar and broth

What are fastidious bacteria?

bacterium that needs specific nutrients in medium to grow

What type of media is used to grow different types of staphylococcus?

differential

What type of media would you use to grow only staphylococci?

selective

Give some examples of basic dye.

- methylene blue
- crystal violet
- fuchsin
- safranin
- malachite green

SIM (Sulfur Indole Motility) would be used to help you determine what of your specific?

movement (motility)

Is agar a source of nutrition for bacteria?

- no
- framework to hold nutrients for bacteria

Why would you use Sabouraud's agar?

isolate fungi

Why would you use oil immersion?

- increasing resolving power
- clearing sight of specimen