Elementary education: Reading and Language arts subtest (5002)

Emergent Literacy

Refers to the language development that occurs before a child can read or write words.

Skills are developed from birth and include listening, speaking, memory, recognizing pattern and rhyme, print awareness, critical thinking, and the development of fine motor skills necessary for writing.

Concept of Print

The awareness that written letters have sounds and they form words

Letter knowledge

Basic knowledge of the alphabet and what sounds each letter make is foundational for literacy acquisition

Logographic Foundation

The reading of sight words, which involves the use of visual cues Ex. recognize visual cues

Phonetic reading

Uses letter-sound correspondence as a first step in simple decoding.

Learners must understand what the letters are and what sounds they make

Promoting literacy Development in Second-language learners

-Place values on the literacy skills they already possess, including those in their native language

-Utilize and enrich first-language knowledge

-Ensure that ESL instruction is at a developmentally appropriate level

-Provide explicit vocabulary instruction

-Provide ample exposure to rich language input

-maintain open communication, provide positive feedback, and encourage pee relationships

Phonological awareness

Understanding that words are made up of sounds units (called phonemes)

Phonics

Is the understanding that sounds and printed letters are connected.

Phonics and phonological awareness are important because...

The development of early literacy

Rhyming

Having an ending sound that corresponds with another

Segmenting

The ability to break a word up into its individual component sounds

Alphabetic Principle

The understanding of the sounds that are associated with each letter of the alphabet

Letter-Sound Correspondence (a)

The knowledge of the sounds that are associated with each letter of the alphabet (a)

Decoding

The ability to apply the knowledge of letter-sounds relationships in order to pronounce written words

Syllabication

The ability to correctly divide words into syllables

Fluency

The ability to read text smoothly, without paying much attention to the mechanics of reading

Rate

The speed at which reading occurs

Accuracy

A measure of the percentage of oral reading that is correct

Stages of Early Orthographic Development

Drawing

Scribbles

Letter-like forms

Random Letters

Invented Spelling

Conventional spelling

Drawing

Expressed ideas through pictures: uses drawing as a form of communication

Scribbles

Uses scribbles as a form of writing; intends the scribbles to have meaning like writing

Letter-like forms

Shapes start to look like letters but are not actual letters

Random letters

Writes actual letters but in patterns or strings that make no sense

Invented spelling

Begins to form words but with own spelling; sometimes phonetic spelling; sometimes a single letter may stand for syllables or whole words; improves overtime

Conventional spelling

Spells correctly and resembles adult writing

Comprehension

The ability to understand read content, process it, and think about it critically

Two types of comprehension

Literal

Critical

Literal comprehension

Understanding the meaning of the words in a passage

Literal Comprehension tasks

-Stating the main idea of a passage

-Identifying out the topic sentence of a passage

-Identifying supporting details

Critical Comprehension

Employs reasoning to infer deeper meanings and draw conclusions not directly stated in a passage

Critical Comprehension tasks

-Determining the author's purpose and tone

-Distinguishing fact from opinion

-Recognizing Bias

-Drawing logical inferences and conclusions

Strategies for comprehension

-Annotating Texts (Adding notes)

-Drawing on prior knowledge to make inferences, make connections, and draw conclusions (Inferential reading)

-Metacognition- self monitoring to assess progress, identity difficulties and employ strategic problem-solving

-Multi-pass strategies such as SQ3R

-Summarizing

-Using Graphic Organizers

SQ3R

Survey

Question

Read

Recite

Review

Metacognition

Awareness of one's own knowledge

Fiction

Material that not an accurate account of real people and events but rather is imagined by the author

Non- Fiction

Material that is presented as being factual and accurate

Major Forms of Fiction

-Allegory

-Drama

-Fable

-Folktale

-Myth

-Novel

-Parable

-Short Story

-Tall tale

Major forms of Non-Fiction

-Autobiography

-Biography

-Diary

-Essay

-Letter

-Textbooks

Allegory

Story in which the characters and events represent ideas or concepts (Fiction)

Drama (play)

A piece meant for performance, where the story is presented through dialogue (Fiction)

Fable

A short story with a moral lesson (Fiction)

Folktale

A story passed down through oral traditions (Fiction)

Myth

A story created to explain natural or social phenomena (Fiction)

Novel

A book-length narrative that presents its characters and plot with a degree of realism (Fiction)

Parable (a)

A short story used to teach a moral lesson (Fiction) (a)

Short story

A brief work of a narrative prose (Fiction)

Tall Tale

An exaggerated story, usually about a real person (Fiction)

Autobiography

An account of the author's own life (Non-Fiction)

Biography

An Account of another person's life (Non-Fiction)

Diary (or journal)

A dated, personal record of events over a period of time (Non-Fiction)

Essay

A short piece intended to express an author's point of view on a topic (Non-Fiction)

Letter

Written correspondence from one person to another (Non-Fiction)

Textbook

A book used to study a particular subject (Non-Fiction)

Poetry

Is a form of creative literature written in verse.

Forms of poetry

Acrostic

Ballad

Blank Verse

Cinquain

Concrete

Elegy

Epic

Free Verse

Haiku

Limerick

Lyric

Ode

Sonnet

Acrostic

A poem in which the first letter of each line forms a word when read from top to bottom

Ballad

A poem narrating a story in stanzas, often quatrains

Blank Verse

Poetry that is metered but not rhymed

Cinquain

A five line poem with specified syllabic emphasis, depending on the type of cinquain

Concrete

A poem written into familiar shape relating to the poem's meaning

Elegy

A poem written about someone's death

Epic

A long poem about the adventures of a hero

Free Verse

Poetry that is neither rhymed nor metered

Haiku

A Japanese form of poetry that contains three lines of 5, 7, and 5 syllables in that order

Limerick

A humorous five-line poem with a rhyme scheme of AABBA

Lyric

A poem expressing personal emotions

Ode

A lyric poem addressed to a particular subject, which often contains lofty imagery

Sonnet

A fourteen-line poem

Alliteration aaa

Repetition of a beginning consonant sound aaa

Examples of alliteration

Peter piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

Assonance

Repetition of vowel sounds

Examples of Assonance

As I going to St. Ives, I met a man with seven wives

Consonance

Repetition of Consonant sounds anywhere in the words

Example of consonance

Hickory Dickory Dock,

The mouse went up the clock.

The clock struck one...

CK

Foot

Unit of Meter

Types of Foot

Iambic

Trochaic

Spondaic

Pyrrhic

Anapestic

Dactylic

Repetition

Rhyme

Rhythm

Stanza

Verse

Iambis

Unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable

Trochaic

Stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable

Spondaic

Two stressed syllables in a row

Pyrrihic

Two unstressed syllables in a row

Anapestic

Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable

Datylic

Stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables

Meter

The rhythm of a poem, dependent on the number of syllables and how they are accented

Mood

A poem's feeling or atmosphere

Repetition

Using a word or phrase more than once for rhythm or emphasis

Rhyme

The repetition of ending word sounds: can be internal rhyme or end rhyme

Rhythm

The pattern of sounds with a poem

Stanza

Groups of lines of poetry; named for how many lines they contain

Examples of stanzas

Couplet -2

Triplet -3

Quatrain- 4

Quintain- 5

Sestet- 6

Septet- 7

Octane- 8

Verse

A line of metered poetry; named for the number of feet per line

Examples of Verse

Monometer-1

Dimeter- 2

Trimeter- 3

Tertameter- 4

Petameter-5

Hexameter- 6

Heptameter-7

Octometer- 8

Alliteration

Repetition of a beginning consonant sound; Can help create mood and imagery

Example of alliteration

The lonesome lady left one last long look for her love

Hyperbole

Exaggeration for emphasis

Examples of Hyperbole

Im so hungry I could eat a whole elephant!

Idiom

A phrase that has come to have a different meaning through usage than the meanings of its individual words

Examples of idiom

Something easy is said to be "A piece of cake"

Imagery

Descriptive writing that appeals to the senses

Examples of imagery

The rich aroma of coffee drifted through the air, bringing warmth on a bitter January morning

Metaphor

A comparison between two things that does NOT use like or as