HIST 202 Mcbride BYU Final

Adolf Hitler

Who/What-Chancellor and Fuhrer of Germany

Where-Germany

When-1889-1945

Significance-Led the Nazi party to total control of Germany. Triggered World War II in Europe by invading Poland in 1939. Responsible for the Holocaust of the Jews

Allied Powers (WWI)

Who/What-Serbia, Russia (until 1917), Great Britain, France, Italy (1915), Romania (1916), and U.S. and Greece (1917) who fought against the Central Powers in WWI.

Where-Europe

When-1914-1918

Significance-They defeated the Central Powers and WWI. As a result, the Austria-Hungarian, German, and Ottoman Empires were broken up. Due to some Allies powers, like France, Germany was slapped with harsh repercussions following the war, which led to WWII.

Allied Powers (WWII)

Who/What-Alliance of countries, mainly Great Britian, France (out by 1940), U.S., USSR (by 1941), and China that fought against the Axis powers in WWII.

Where-Global, European, African, Pacific theaters.

When-1939-1945

Significance-Won WWII. Liberated Western Europe, China, Pacific, Philippines, etc. Ended the Holocaust. Eastern Europe becomes Soviet-controlled

Anglo-French Entente

Who/What-Diplomatic agreement that ended British-French enmity and cordial relationship between Britain and Prussia-Germany. Without being explicit it was understood that Britain would come to France's aid in a defensive war.

Where-IDK where signed. Europe. Between Britain and France

When-1904

Significance-Allys the two against Germany during WWI, which leads to Germany's defeat. It helps lead to the formation of the Allies Powers in WWI

Anglo-Russian Agreement

Who/What-Equivalent of Anglo-French Entente. Allied Great Britain with Russia

Where-St. Petersburg, Russian Empire

When-1907

Significance-Helped with the formation of the Allied Powers

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Who/What-Presumptive heir to the throne of the Austria-Hungarian Empire

Where-Austria-Hungarian Empire

When-1863-1914

Significance-His assassination in Sarajevo was the proximate cause of WWI. Due to Serbian nationalist assassins, Austria holds Serbia responsible. Sends them ultimatum, demanding they give up Serbian Independence, they refuse and choose war. Serbia pulls Russia into war, which pulls Germany, yadda yadda yadda

Atomic Bomb

Who/What-The first nuclear weapon. A very powerful weapon made from nuclear fission

Where-developed in U.S., dropped on Japan

When-1945

Significance-Its drop on Japan convinced, or at least helped convince, the Japanese to surrender, ending WWII.

Axis Powers

Who/What-Main players were Italy, Germany, and Japan. Alliance of countries.

Where-Across the world, Europe, North Africa, Pacific and Asia

When-Pact signed in 1936. Axis powers fought on until 1945

Significance-They caused WWII by their conquests. Caused the Allied Powers to form and brought in Russia and U.S. by attacking them, which led to their defeat in WWII. They also murdered millions of people.

Battle of Midway Island

Who/What-Naval battle between U.S. Navy and the Japanese Navy.

Where-Midway and sea around it in the Pacific Ocean

When-1942

Significance-It turned the tide in the Pacific theater towards the U.S. The Japanese were soundly defeated. They lost 4 aircraft carriers and the U.S. only lost 1. The U.S. could replace losses much better than the Japanese could. Also, the Japanese lost a lot of their trained pilots, which was also really hard to replace. Put America on offensive and Japan on defensive.

Battle of Stalingrad

Who/What-Battle between the Germans and the Russians

Where-Russia

When-1942-1943

Significance-Germans were defeated and lost an entire army. It was the turning point of the war in Europe. The Allies finally started pushing back on the Axis in the European continent.

Benito Mussolini

Who/What-Dictator of Italy

Where-Italy

When-1883-1945

Significance-Founder of fascism which influenced Adolf Hitler to do it in Germany. First example of an attempt at totalitarian government.

Berlin Blockade

Who/What-Soviets blocked off Western rail and road access to parts of Berlin under their control. Attempt to squeeze the Western allies out of occupied Berlin. Basically laying siege to it, hoping that the Allies will cave and Western Berlin will become Communist

Where-Berlin, Germany

When-1948-1949

Significance-Original point of contention that led to the Cold War. It showed there was no hope of reviving the wartime alliance and that Stalin was committed to expanding communism into the European heartland.

Berlin Wall

Who/What-Ten-foot high concrete wall and "death zone" to prevent illegal emigration to the West.

Where-Berlin, Germany

When-1961-1989

Significance-Escalation of the Cold War, splitting a city. Became a very big symbol of the Cold War. The success of it may have inspired Khrushchev to put nuclear weapons in Cuba, which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Its fall, since it was a symbol, in 1989 signaled the beginning of the end of the Cold War and collapse of the Communist bloc.

Bolsheviks

Who/What-A Russian Communist party led by Lenin that takes over the Russian government in the October Revolution of 1917

Where-Russia

When-20th Century, revolution is in 1917

Significance-They make a treaty with the Central Powers, pulling Russia out of the war.

Central Powers

Who/What-Alliance of countries that fought in WWI against the Allied Powers. Included German Empire, Austria-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

Where-Europe and Middle East (Ottoman Empire)

When-1914-1918

Significance-They were considered the aggressors and their ravaging of Europe, specifically France by specifically Germany, painted them as the bad guys. When they were defeated, they were hit hard. Their defeat paved the way for WWI

Characteristics of Totalitarian States

Who/What-

1. Official ideology plays a crucial role in shaping "correct thinking" among the masses.

2. The traditional boundaries between the public and private affairs of citizens would be redefined or obliterated (Nazi youth were supposed to inform state if parents expressed dissent. Gestapo would come for parents).

3. State would become an extension of the leader's will.

4. "The people" would be understood to include only those belonging to the majority ethnic group and/or party (Narrow definition of who is German. Everyone is inferior, less than, or even enemy to "the people").

5. Declaration of no need or tolerance for political competition or discussion (Outlawing of rival parties).

6. The collective is all the individual nothing. Loyalty to the state matters more than all else (Loyalty to state more important than the family).

Where-Europe

When-1920s on

Significance-These characteristics, totalitarianism, became popular, leading to Italy and Germany's fascists which led to WWII

Chinese Communist Party

Who/What-A Communist party in China led by Mao Zedong that embroiled China in a civil war between them and the nationalists

Where-China

When-Established in the 1920s, defeated Chiang Kai-shek and the nationalists in 1949-book says.

Significance-Took over China, which led a communist presence in Asia. They supported North Vietnam and North Korea, helping them succeed.

Chinese Nationalists

Who/What-Chinese movement led by Sun Yat-Sen to install more liberal, Western stuff into China.

Where-China

When-1919-1949

Significance-Overthrew the dynastic system which had existed for thousands of years.

Communists Bloc

Who/What-Group of Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union that were unified against the western Allies.

Where-Eastern Europe

When-1947-1980-kinda wanna say 1989-book

Significance-Furthered the Cold War. Established "two sides" a Western and an Eastern bloc. Led to Warsaw Pact among the Communist bloc.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Who/What-Crisis when Soviets put nuclear weapons in Cuba. US imposed a naval blockade on Cuba. The tension escalated to where nuclear war seemed imminent

Where-Cuba

When-1962

Significance-Scared both sides as they realized it was way too close to nuclear war. Led to efforts to reduce hostility like the Nuclear Test Ban of 1963

Enabling Act

Who/What-Law German Reichstag passes giving Hitler the power to rule by decree until the crisis (initially an alleged Communist revolutionary plot) was over

Where-Germany

When-1933

Significance-Gave Hitler dictatorial power that allowed him to rule Germany until his death.

Fidel Castro

Who/What-Revolutionary who established a Communist dictatorship

Where-Cuba

When-1926-2016

Significance-Took over Cuba for the Communists. He asked Russians for military help after bay of pigs invasion, which led to Russian nukes in Cuba, which led to the Cuban Missile Crisis

Final Solution

Who/What-German solution to the "Jewish problem" by genociding them.

Where-Germany, occupied Europe

When-1942 is when it is approved by Hitler at the Wannsee Conference

Significance-As a result, Jews were rounded up from ghettos throughout Germany and occupied Europe and sent to death camps in Holocaust. Ramped up Holocaust. 6 million Jews dead.

First Five Year Plan

Who/What-A plan by Stalin to collectivize agriculture and industrialize the economy of Soviet Union

Where-Soviet Union (Russia)

When-Introduced in 1928, for 1928-1932

Significance-Millions of peasants died from an artificially-caused famine because of this plan.

Good Neighbor Policy

Who/What-Policy by FDR to treat Latin American countries as sovereign nations, not colonies

Where-Policy about Latin America undertaken by the U.S., a country in North America

When-FDR's presidency (1933-1945)

Significance-As a result, no troops were landed for years

Henrich Himmler

Who/What-Prominent Nazi and head of SS and Gestapo

Where-Germany

When-1900-1945

Significance-His SS conducted the Holocaust. Operated the concentration camps. Responsible for Jewish Holocaust.

Ho Chi Minh

Who/What-Communist and nationalist leader in Vietnam.

Where-Vietnam

When-1890-1969

Significance-Led Vietnamese in fighting against Japanese in WWII. Against French after WWII. Against Americans in Vietnam War. A principal founder of the modern nation of Vietnam. Helped lead Vietnam to independence and Communist domination

Holocaust

Who/What-German genocide of Jews, gypsies, Slavs, and other "undesirables." Other minorities

Where-Nazi-occupied Europe. Poland was a key area.

When-Start to be relocated to concentration camps in 1938. Kicked off in full bloom after the Wannese Conference in 1942. Ends in 1945.

Significance-Millions of people, including 6 million Jews, are murdered. Leads to the establishment of the State of Israel as Jews flee Europe and want a haven.

Israel

Who/What-Many Jews fled from Nazi-dominated Europe to Middle Eastern homeland. The Jews and the Arabs in the land clashed, leading to a UN partition plan. When the British pulled out, there was a war and the Jews did very well, establishing their territory as the state of Israel

Where-Middle East-Palestine

When-1948/49-now

Significance-Has led to much Arab-Jewish conflict in the Middle East, like the 1967 6-day war.

Joseph Stalin

Who/What-Communist dictator who took over from Lenin in Russia

Where-Russia

When-1879-1953

Significance-His First Five-Year Plan decimated Russian population. Led Soviet Union to victory in WWII. Formed Communist Bloc, etc.

Keynesian Economics

Who/What-Idea that government should pump a lot of money into the economy during hard economic times like unemployment and stagnation and depression. In time of economic recession, government spending can stimulate economy. But it needs to spend heavily for a short term.

Where-Europe and US

When-20th Century. Popularized in 1930s with Great Depression

Significance-Became one of the most influential economic theories of the 20th Century, such as influencing the US government during the Great Depression

Korean War

Who/What-War between the Russian-backed North Korea and American-backed South Korea

Where-Korean peninsula

When-1950-53

Significance-First of multiple proxy wars between the US and the Soviet Union. Solidifies China as an American adversary along with the Soviet Union as China becomes involved and US troops and Chinese troops fight each other. Enforces the Truman doctrine as the Communist expansion into South Korea was contained.

League of Nations

Who/What-An international organization founded after WWI to maintain peace among nations.

Where-Member countries were from all over the world.

When-1920-1946

Significance-It failed to prevent WWII. Served as a precursor to the UN. UN is basically a better version of it. WWIII has not happened during the UN's watch.

Leon Trotsky

Who/What-Bolshevik revolutionary leader. Lennin's right-hand man.

Where-Russia, died in Mexico

When-1879-1940

Significance-Primary instrument in planning and executing the October Revolution. Led the St. Petersburg soviet into the Bolshevik camp, helping the Revolution happen.

Marshall Plan

Who/What-Program proposed by US Secretary of State George Marshall to aid Western Europe's recovery from WWII

Where-Implemented in Europe

When-1947-1951

Significance-Kept certain European countries from falling into communism by buoying them up.

Mao Zedong

Who/What-Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party

Where-China

When-1893-1976

Significance-Took over China from the nationalists and Chiang kai-shek. Made China communist.

March Revolution of 1917

Who/What-Abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and establishment of the Provisional Government in Russia because of food shortages and hunger of soldiers

Where-Russia

When-1917

Significance-Led the way for the October 1917 Communist Revolution because the Russian people were dissatisfied with the provisional government and wanted out of WWI

Mein Kampf

Who/What-Book written by Hitler while serving a prison term that laid out Hitler's view of Germany's problems and their solutions.

Where-Germany

When-written in 1924

Significance-It outlined Hitler's platform, which ultimately put him in power and were enacted, generally.

Meiji Restoration

Who/What-The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the emperor

Where-Japan

When-1867

Significance-It led to a bunch of Western reforms in Japan, like a modern military. A western-style financial system

Mohandas Gandhi

Who/What-Indian lawyer and a leader in the Indian independence movement against the British.

Where-India, Britain, South Africa

When-1869-1948

Significance-Eventually, his efforts helped India achieve independence.

Munich Agreement

Who/What-Agreement between Hitler and British and French prime ministers that allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland

Where-Germany

When-1938

Significance-It emboldened Hitler to continue German aggressive expansion because he saw Western powers as lightweights. Appeasement

NATO

Who/What-North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Alliance of Western European and North American countries. They pledged to come to the aid of one another if one was attacked. Attack on one is an attack on all.

Where-Headquarters is in Belgium. Countries from North America and Europe

When-1949-present

Significance-Solidified the Western bloc against communism. Used to pen in the Russian expansionism.

Nonaggression Pact of 1939

Who/What-Treaty between Hitler and Stalin in which each agreed to maintain neutrality in any forthcoming war involving the other party

Where-signed in Moscow, Russia

When-1939

Significance-Hitler no longer had to worry about what Russia might do if he attacked Poland. Kept Russia out of a resurgent Allies. Leaving just Britain and France for Germany to handle.

Nuremberg Laws

Who/What-Laws that prohibited contacts between Jews and "Aryans." Makes Jews non-citizens. Forced to go to ghettos or emigrate.

Where-Germany

When-1935

Significance-Start of slippery slope of Holocaust.

Nuremberg Trials

Who/What-Trials of leading Nazis for "crimes against humanity." Judges from France, U.S., Britain, and Russia.

Where-Germany

When-1946

Significance-Led to convictions and executions of several Nazi leaders. Goring committed suicide to not get hanged.

October Revolution of 1917

Who/What-Bolshevik/Communist take over of Russia, led to the Russian Civil War which Communists win.

Where-Russia, St. Petersburg

When-1917

Significance-Led to Cold War, Communism spreading in Europe, etc.

Original Issues in Cold War

1. Disputes over reparations in Germany-Soviet Union complained that the US wouldn't let it take its fair share of reparations from Germany. US is not giving them their fair share because US is worried about communism getting too strong from the reparations.

2. Lack of US denazification of German government and industry. It was very clear that the war was driven by far-right party called the Nazi party. So it was agreed upon that the Allies needed to root the Nazi element out of Germany. Hold people responsible for war crimes and make sure they do not get a hold of power again. Well, Soviets claim that the US is not denazifying enough. And they were right. The US was not pursuing the denazification enough. The US didn't want to shred the Western German infrastructure. Wanted it strong to resist Soviet push. The US even had Nazi people work for them in making weapons of war.

3. A new currency for the Allied sectors of Germany in 1948. France, GB, and the US see that the German economy is in shambles. They introduce a new currency, but they only institute it only in the Western Ally sectors. It is going to economically uplift the western parts, but not economically help the Soviet Eastern sections.

4. 1948-1949-Berlin Blockade. Soviet Union is always outnumbered in decisions from the other three. Soviet union gets so tired of it that they blockade all around the western side of Berlin. They are not going to let food and supplies to the Western side of Berlin. Basically laying siege to it, hoping that the Allies will cave and Western Berlin will become Communist. But, the western allies airlift food in for them.

5. Soviet takeover of Eastern European countries. The newly-liberated countries have elections. Those that do not choose communist governments, Stalin comes in and forces them to be communist.

Potsdam Conference

Who/What-Meeting of victorious Allies and Big Three leaders to discuss post-war Europe

Where-Germany

When-1945

Significance-The Soviets take the stance that the Eastern European either vote for communism, or the Soviets will install a Soviet one for them. Helped brew the Cold War as the Western Allies and Stalin parted ways kinda

Proxy Wars (who what where when why)

Proxy wars are conflicts where two opposing countries or parties support combatants that serve their interests instead of direct engagement. This strategy surfaced prominently during the Cold War, as superpowers like the US and USSR sought to expand their influence through conflicts in regions such as Vietnam, Korea, and Afghanistan.

Reoccupation of the Rhineland

Who/What-Hitler violates the Treaty of Versailles by stationing German troops in the Rhineland

Where-Western Europe, Rhineland, Germany

When-Began in 1936

Significance-Emboldened Hitler. Realized he could get away with stuff. Led to rearament and Axis Pact

Second Sino-Japanese War

Who/What-War between Imperial Japan and China. Japan invades and conquers part of China

Where-China

When-1937-1945

Significance-Japanese commit horrendous atrocities. Sours American opinion. American embargo. Japanese need Dutch East Indies for oil instead, which will mean going through American-occupied Philippines. So they feel they have to conquer the Philippines, so they do preemptive strike at Pearl Harbor. Also tons of Chinese die. It also resurrected the CCP and Mao. They won popular support by their fighting in it.

Sun Yat-sen

Who/What-Founder of the Chinese nationalist party and of the Chinese Republic

Where-China

When-1866-1925

Significance-Helped overthrew the Qin dynasty and the thousands of years-long tradition

Treaty of Versailles

Who/What-Treaty that officially ended WWI that was punitive against the Central Powers

Where-France

When-1919

Significance-Led to WWI because the Germans were embittered from the strictness of it and the harsh economic conditions it inflicted on them.

Trench Warfare

Who/What-Type of warfare on the Western front during WWI

Where-Europe, especially/particularly in Western Europe.

When-1914-1918

Significance-Horrible conditions that led to mass death during the war. It drew out the war long.

Triple Alliance

Who/What-A military pact. If one member was attacked, the others would come to its aid. Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany.

Where-Europe

When-1882

Significance-Helped set up WWI. Entangling alliances, etc.

Truman Doctrine

Who/What-It stated that the US would defend governments across the world from Communism

Where-Applied to Communism worldwide, made by an American President

When-1947

Significance-Kinda started the Cold War. It solidified US's position against the Soviet Union. Defines US foreign policy for decades.

Vietnam War

Who/What-American supported South Vietnamese government fighting against Viet Cong and North Vietnamese-Russian/Chinese backed Communists

Where-Vietnam

When-1955-1975

Significance-Sours American public opinion for intervening in foreign affairs with "boots on the ground."

Vladimir Lenin

Who/What-Leader of the Bolshevik/communist party in Russia

Where-Russia

When-1870-1924

Significance-Leads the successful Communist revolution in October 1917. Makes Russia communist and leads it until he dies.

Wannesse Conference

Who/What-Conference where Hitler approves the Final Solution to the Jewish problem.

Where-Germany

When-1942

Significance-Ramps up/begins the Holocaust. Jews are rounded up from the ghettos and sent to death camps in Poland. 6 millions Jews die.

War Reparations (WWI)

Who/What-Germany has to pay $33 billion in reparations

Where-France

When-1919

Significance-Leads to WWII

Warsaw Pact

Who/What-Communist Alliance, soviet union and eastern europe

Where-Eastern Europe

When-1955-1991

Significance-Cold War

Weimar Republic

Who/What-New government that takes over after German Empire breaks up from WWI

Where-Germany

When-1918-1933

Significance-People's disastifaction with it leads to Hitler's

Winston Churchill

Who/What-British Prime Minister

Where-Britain

When-1874-1965

Significance-His iron leadership saves Britain. Refuses to give up1

Explain how the way World War I ended set the stage for the outbreak of World War II

twenty years later.

1. Introduction paragraph

2. Elements of how it ended that the set the stage for WWII:

A. Loss of 10% of German territory (Alsace and Lorraine, Czech, poland)

B. Massive German war reparations to pay ($33 Billion)

C. Dissolution of the 2nd Reich (German Empire) by internal revolution

D. All of these lead to economic downturn and loss of German national pride, which opens the door to Hitler, etc.

3. Conclusion Paragraph