Biology Biology SOLbb

Why do we classify organisms?

To study the diversity of life and group organisms in a logical manner

Taxonomy

Process of classifying organisms

Taxo-

an group/ level of organism

Acronym for Classification

Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti

explain acronym

Domain, kingdom, phyla, class, order, family, genus, species

binomial nomenclature

2 word naming system created by carol linnaeus based on the genus and species names of organisms

Rules for bionomial nomenclature (scientific names)

Italics, handwritten then underlined
genus \= capitalized
species \= lowercase

Cladogram

A diagram that shows relationships of derived traits among organisms
useful in showing how one organism branches off from another during evolution ( like a family tree)
(ex: fur is a trait shared between mice and monkeys)

dichotomous key

a field guide for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between physical characteristics until you reach the scientific name.

nitrogen fixers

bacteria and other organisms that turn nitrogen into ammonia to assist plants

peptidoglycan

A carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid

Flagella

a tail-like structure that is used by a cell for movement

Cillia

hair like structure

extremophiles

Archaea that live in extreme environments.

Thermophiles

Archaea that thrive in very hot environments,

Methanogens

Archaea that release methane from carbon dioxide

Halophiles

archea that love salty environments

Pathogenic

to cause disease/illness

Algae

a plant like protist

paramicium

animal like protist

Heterotrophic

must consume food for energy

Decomposers

Break down organic matter and absorb the nutrients

Hyphae

The branching for growth , threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

Chitin

Carbohydrate in the cell wall

Photoautotrophs

produce food from sun

Tracheophytes

plants with vascular tissue( to transport water and nutrients)

Gymnosperms

seeds are not enclosed, included conifer

Gymno \= , sperm\=

Naked, seed

Angiosperms

Flowering plants ; produced seeds that are enclosed

stomata

Pores on the leaf that function in gas exchange [ water vapor] for the plant

Radial symmetry

symmetry in a circle ( starfish)

Bilateral symmetry

mirror images ( butterfly)

Segmentation

different body parts ( earthworm, insect)

porifera

sponges

Cnidaria

jellyfish/coral

rotifera

wheels

Platyhelminthes

flatworms

Nematoda

roundworms

annelida

earthworms

Mollusca

snails, octopus, clams

Echinodermata

spiny skin ( starfish, sea urchins)

Arthropoda

Spiders , insects, lobsters, ( crustaceans)

Chordata

amphibians, reptiles, fish, mammals, birds

Notochord

A flexible rod that supports a chordate's back

eternal fertilization

The sperm and egg join outside the body

Classes of Chordata

Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia

Agnatha

jawless fish: lamprey and hagfish

Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays)

Osteichthyes

bony fish ( perch, salmon)

Aves

birds

Amphibia

frogs, toads, salamanders

What are the two characteristics scientists look at to classify organisms?

Physical traits and chemical traits

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area that can reproduce, and can interbreed

Gene pool

Combined genetic information of all the members of a population, typically contains 2 or more alleles for each inheritable trait

relative frequency

number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur

what are the 5 factors for evolution

Genetic drift
Gene flow
mutation
sexual selection
natural selection

Genetic drift

A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. it is sudden

types of genetic drift ( and description)

Bottleneck effect : occurs after a major event decreases the population

Founder effect: occurs after individuals move out and colonize a new area

gene flow

Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
immigration
emigration

Mutation (evolutionary change)

Mutations create variation which leads to evolutionary change
-Changes in DNA sequence, emergence of new characteristics

sexual selection

some traits lead to more mating success

types of sexual selection and description

Intrasexual : competition between males
intersexual : males show traits to attract female

Sources of gene variation

mutations
recombination

and crossing over

Recombination

In meiosis the shuffling of alleles lead to different genetic combinations

Single gene vs polygenic traits

single : trait controlled by 1 gene
polygenic : controlled by multiple

Natural selection has 3 effects on \___________ \___________
what are they?

phenotype, distribution

Directional selection
stabilizing selection
disrupting selection

directional selection

individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve,
this causes the entire curve to move
this graph moves either left or right

stabilizing selection

higher fitness in the middle
center of the graph is going up

Disrupting Selection

Dipping in the center and higher on the ends

individuals at the ends of the curve have higher fitness than the ones in the middle

5 factors of genetic equilibrium

random mating
large population
no movement in and out of population
no mutations
no natural selection

effect of genetic drift

1. Genetic drift is significant in small populations
2. Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random
3. Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations
4. Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

Hardy-Weinberg equation

p + q \= 1, p^2 + 2pq + q^2 \= 1

p \= frequency of dom allele

q \= frequency of recessive allele

pq \= frequency of hetero

Hardy \=
weinberg \=

mathematician
physician

these equations figure out

allele frequency and genotype frequency

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Naturalist before darwin
first people to see that living things changed over time and all species came from other species

2 principles of Jean

Acquired Characteristics and Use & Disuse

Acquired Characteristics

Acquired traits can be inherited by offspring ( like muscle, dyed hair, this is not true)

Use & Disuse

If organism wanted a trait, it would form , if trait was not used it would not be apart of the offspring

Charles Darwin was a \______ on a \_______ that sailed from \______ to \______ \____

naturalist, ship, england, galapagos islands

Charles Darwin made observations of organisms in \___ \____ and \_____ \___

South America and Galapagos islands

Theory vs Law vs Hypothesis

Theory: supported by a large body of evidence and explains how something works

hypothesis: Testable explanation to a question

Law : Describes what nature does under certain conditions it can be an equation ( math or science) and is proved.

Darwins observations led to a theory , \____ \____

natural selection

Darwin's book

On the Origin of Species

Charles found \_____ organisms of the same \_____ in each of the galapagos islands and wondered why they were different compared to those on the \_______

different
species
mainland

He had a hypothesis about \_____ and \____ ( to environment)

\_________

adaptation,traits,small number of plants and animals came from the mainland and adapted and then they passed on these adaptations.

A bird the Darwin studied closely was

Finches

He studied what in finches?

The shape and length of beaks

He thought the \____ and \____ of beaks were \______

shape, length, adaptations

In the book natural selection is the ( enter phrase)

process that organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits

Natural selection traits must be \___

heritable

acronym to remember natural selection

VISTA

name each part of VISTA

Variation, Inheritance, selection(survival and reproduction), time, adaptation

Variation

Any difference between individuals of the same species. Result of mutations
members of the same species aren't the exact same

Inheritance

differences from variation must be heritable ( to be able to pass on the traits)

Selection(survival and reproduction)

Resources are limited so less organisms survive than are born
the more successful they are at survival they more they survive ( at finding food, reproducing)

Time and Adaptation

Traits(adaptations) allow them to survive and reproduce

types of adaptations

mimicry, camouflage, trickery, tolerance

Mimicry and ex:

copying another thing to survive
example:scarlet king snake mimics coral snake
viceroy mimics monarch

Trickery and ex:

color patterns to confuse predators
example: butterfly fish has false eyespot so predators cannot tell which way its facing

Camouflage and ex:

Blending into surroundings
snow fox , peppered moth