Terms (25-26)

noun

person, place, thing, or idea

pronoun

takes the place of one or more nouns

1st person pronouns

include the person who is talking

2nd person pronouns

the five forms of you

3rd person pronouns

pronouns that do NOT include the person talking and do NOT include the five forms of you

contractions

words created by joining two words together with the use of an apostrophe (examples would be haven’t, you’re, isn’t, we’re)

verb

shows action or being

adverb

describes adjectives, adverbs, and verbs

dentotation

dictionary definition of a word

connotation

the feelings associated with a word—positive, negative, or neutral

synonyms

words with the same or close to the same meaning

antonyms

words that have opposite meanings

infinitive

the word TO followed by a verb (it does not have to be an action verb); example would be to run, to jump, to have, to think

proper nouns

words that are specific and, therefore, always need to be capitalized

explicit evidence

evidence that states exactly what you are trying to prove (it comes right out and says it)

irrelevant evidence

evidence that does not prove a claim that has been made (idiotic evidence)

relevant evidence

really good evidence that does a great job of supporting what you are trying to prove

paraphrase

to take someone else’s exact words and change them into your own (usually simpler) words

dash

used to create a more dramatic pause than a comma

ellipsis

a punctuation mark consisting of three dots that is used to:

1. Show information has been purposefully left out

2. A more extreme passage of time

3. An unfinished thought

onomatopoeia

using a word to imitate a sound (such as ding, pow, bang)

interjection

words or words that show emotion that are set off by a comma or an exclamation point

articles

a, an, the

excerpt

part of a larger work (couple chapters of a book, few paragraphs of a short story, a couple stanzas of a poem)

context clues

words or phrases that help readers to figure out the meaning of an unknown word

imply

to hint at something but not directly say it

prefix

added to the beginning of a word and changes the meaning of a word

suffix

added to the end of the word but doesn’t usually change the meaning of a word. It usually:

1. changes a word from singular to plural

2. changes the tense of a word (like from present to past tense)

3. changes the part of speech (like from an adjective to an adverb)

affix

prefixes and/or suffixes

root

what remains of a word once all prefixes and suffixes have been removed (it is not always a complete word)

adjective

describes a noun or pronoun

SCCRAP

used to help us remember the strategies to figure out the meaning of a word that you don’t know (you need to know what each letter stands for)

genre

types of literature (or music or movies)

fiction

writing that is fake

nonfiction

writing that is true or real

fantasy

1.Takes place in an imaginary world

2. usually includes magic or supernatural forces

science fiction

1. Occurs in an imaginary world or outer space

2. includes technology that does not yet exist

plot

sequence of events in a story

exposition

first part of the plot that introduces three things:

1. characters

2. setting

3. conflict

inference

An educated guess based on given information

biography

a story about someone’s life written by someone else

compare

to how things are alike; to tell the similarities

contrast/distinction

to tell the differences/the differences

autobiography

a story someone writes about their own life

point of view/perspective

1. through whose eyes a story is told

2. an opinion on a topic

1st person point of view

1. The narrator is a character in the story—this means one of the characters is telling the story.

2. First person pronouns like I and me are used OUTSIDE THE DIALOGUE to refer to the narrator

3rd person limited point of view

1.  we are limited to knowing what is going on inside the main character’s head when looking outside the dialogue 

2. first person pronouns are NOT used outside the dialogue

3rd person omniscient

1. we know what is going on in more than one character’s mind when looking outside the dialogue

2. does NOT use first person pronouns outside the dialogue

rising action

1. 2nd part of the plot

2. develop the conflict, setting, and characters in more detail

3. longest part of the plot

thesis

a sentence that states the main point or claim of a research paper, essay, speech, etc.

claim

A statement made in each body paragraph that you will prove is true in that body paragraph (This helps to prove your thesis is true.)

counterclaim

the opposite of a claim made in your argument paper **This does NOT support your thesis!

bias

showing favoritism towards someone or something (often in a way that is considered to be unfair)

imagery

words that:

1. appeal to the five senses

2. help to create an image in the reader’s mind

climax

the turning point in the story; it occurs about 2/3 to ¾ of the way through the story

dynamic character

a character that undergoes a permanent personality change

falling action

follows the climax and leads to the resolution, showing the consequences of the story's climax

setting

the time and place a story takes place

**used to remember the subcategories of setting'

Jobs

Era (past, present, future)

Technology (

Transportation

Typical family life

Morals/religion

Weather/climate

Area of the world

Landscape

Landmarks

Laws/rules

Significant buildings

JETTT M WALLLS

resolution

the conclusion of a story where conflicts are resolved; 5th part of the plot

narrative

a story

delineate

to describe

cojunction

joins words, phrases, or sentences

compound sentences

joins two simple sentences together

, fanboys (coordinating conjunction)

semicolon (;)

; conjunctive adverb,

3 ways to join together simple sentences to make them compound

for (replace it with because to see if it is a compound sentence)

and

nor (must have a negative in the first part and the second part must sound like a question)

but (synonym for yet)

or

yet (synonym for but)

so

**remember all these words are only 2-3 letters

fanboys

symbol

something that stands for something else (usually something that you can see or touch representing something you can’t)

homophone

words that sound the same but have different meanings

organizational structure/text structure

the way in which a writer chooses to organize information

1. Chronological order

2. spatial order

3. cause and effect

4. problem and solution

5. question and answer

6. sequence

7. order of importance

8. compare and contrast

9. There are MANY others.

types of text structure/organizational structures