AP Human Geo Unit 6

site vs. situation factors

characteristics that are at a specific location vs. locations surrounding a place

urban sprawl

expansion of an urban/suburban area into the surrounding countryside

urbanization

migration of people from rural areas to urban areas

types of cities

megacity: 10 million+ residents

metacity: 20 million+ residents

→ both in developed & developing countries

core/semi-periphery/periphery countries

core countries: industrialized & have most advanced economies

semi-periphery countries: emerging economies that are industrializing

periphery countries: still rely on exporting raw resources & less economically developed

informal settlements

housing & residential areas that are built without legal authorization

boomburb, exurb, edge city

boomburb: rapidly growing suburban city that has developed its own unique identity

exurb: settlement that exists outside of a suburban area, but remains connected to the metro area

→ low population density

edge city: settlement that has its own economic district and is located on the outskirts of a city/near a major highway

→ lots of businesses

urban decentralization

movement of a population away from an urban area’s core to peripheral areas

world city

city that is connected to other cities around the world through a series of networks

• impacts people in the world

• does hierarchical diffusion from world cities~suburban cities

• NewYork, London, Paris, Tokyo

primate city

city that has twice the population of the next largest city

• has significant political, economic, social control over the rest of the city

• unequal wealth, power

• Mexico City, Seoul

rank-size rule

the population of a settlement ranked n will be population of largest city/n

gravity model

flow between locations based on population and distance

• larger the city, more “pull” power it has

Christaller’s central place theory

hexagons that indicate business’s threshold & range

• smaller settlements depend on major urban areas to access service/goods

→ because smaller settlements can’t meet the threshold for businesses, they don’t operate there

threshold and range

threshold: minimum number of people that are required to support any good or service

range: maximum distance that a consumer is willing to travel for a certain good or service

burgess concentric model

circular model that shows decreasing density from center→ periphery

• central business district

• zone of transition

• zone of independent workers’ homes

• zone of better residences

• commuter’s zone

Hoyt sector model

with CBD in the center and kinda like pie chart

• central business district

• transportation and industry

• low-class residential

• middle-class residential

• high-class residential

multiple nuclei model

explains how cities have changed due to technology advancements

• central business district

• light manufacturing

• low-class residential

• middle-class residential

• high-class residential

• heavy manufacturing

• outlying business district

• residential suburb

• industrial suburbs

galatic model

accounts for advancements in technology (people don’t only live in city centers)

latin american city model

centered around “plaza”

• impacted by European colonization

sub-saharan african city model

colonial CBD & traditional CBD

• impacted by European colonization

southeast asian city model

based around port

• impacted by colonial trading ports

density gradient

a gradual change in the density of an urban area from the center to the periphery

impact of infrastructure

• internet allows working at home, purchasing service/goods, get education…

• roadways allow people to live away from central cities

• not CBD→ more reliance on automobiles→ traffic, pollution→ electric cars?

sustainability

use of Earth’s resources in a way that ensures those will be available in the future

mixed used areas, zoning can encourage…

walkable cities

transit-oriented development

urban planning that strategically locates public transit stations to reduce dependence on automobiles

smart growth policies

urban policies that seek to reduce urban sprawl and protect farmland surrounding the city

• promotes mixed-use development, public transportation, green areas

• Greenbelt (acts as buffer)

new urbanism

urban planning that seeks to create compact and walkable cities that are sustainable and socially connected

• more focus on architecture & community design

• building local communities

de facto segregation

separation of people along racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic lines that is not officially enforced by laws or regulations

• increasing rent→ original resident have to move out

genterificaiton

process of renovating, rebuilding, or revitalization an urban area, resulting in lower-income residents to become displaced and more wealthy residents to move into the area

• result of smart growth policies

• can disrupt unique communities

slow-growth cities

urban areas that promote sustainable growth by limiting new development in the periphery of the city

growth boundary

boundary that control urban sprawl, only allowing development to occur inside the boundary

infill development

building within an existing developed area on land that is unused or underdeveloped

brownfield

abandoned property that was previously been used for industrial or commercial use and is contaminated with hazardous pollutants

smart cities

cities that utilize technology to reduce inefficiencies & improve quality of life

officials use quantitative & qualitative data, census for

• crime rates

• pollutions

• amount of diseases

• need of infrastructure

redlining

discriminatory practice where banks refuse to provide loans to people who live in certain neighborhoods

• high risk= black, hispanic people

• prevented accumulating generational wealth for certain races

blockbusting

discriminatory practice where real estate agents use misinformation about minority communities moving into a neighborhood to motivate white homeowners to sell their home at a lower price so they can resell to minority buyer who was previously excluded from the area

white flight

phenomenon in which white residents migrate out of an urban area to a suburban area is large numbers

urban blight

homes that hold close to no value to being abandoned, vandalized

environmental injustice

disproportionate distribution of environmental hazards among different social groups

food desert

urban/rural community that lacks access to affordable, healthy, and fresh food

• can cause obesity, diabetes, heart disease

disamenity zone

area within a city that lacks public services, infrastructure, and have high crime, poverty, informal settlement rate

inclusionary zones

areas where affordable housing is encouraged with local policies in place

bureaucracy

an organization that has multiple levels which all seek to carry out a specific task

eminent domain

right of the government to take private property to use it for public use

ecological footprint

amount of land and resources that are used to support the population of a city