Kines 127 exam 2

adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

plantarflexion

point toes down

dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

pronantion

palm down

signs of inflammation

Pain, heat, swelling, redness, loss of function

acute injury

sudden onset

chronic injury

gradual onset

grade 1 sprain

stretching, small tears

grade 2 sprain

larger, but incomplete tear

grade 3 sprain

complete tear

bone fractures

buckle, greenstick, spiral, oblique, transverse, comminuted

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

internal rotation

turning the joint inward

external rotation

turning the joint outward

valgus

bent outward

varus

bent inward

supination

palm up

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

circumduction

moving the arm in a circle around the shoulder

sign

observable or measurable by a medical professional

symptom

reported to the professional by the patient

syndrome

collection of signs and symptoms

epiphysis of bone

end of bone -- growth plate

diaphysis of bone

middle of bone -- commonly fractured

muscle and tendon

Connects muscle to bone

joint

A place where two or more bones meet

neurovascular

nerves connecting to central nervous system

ulnar nerve

hitting funny bone -- nerve damage

edema

swelling that results when fluid collects in connective tissue

effusion

collection of fluid contained within a joint space or joint capsule -- synovial fluid

ecchymosis

discoloration that often accompanies edema -- bruising

mechanism of injury

compression, tension (pulling apart), shear (compression + tension)

anatomy of foot

rearfoot, midfoot, forefoot

talus

ankle -- sits on top of calcaneus

phalanges

fingers and toes, 1-5 from big to pinky

chronic foot conditions

plantar fasciitis, heel spurs, stress fractures

acute foot conditions

arch sprain, lis franc, turf toe, fractures

pes planus

flat foot

pes cavus

arched foot

chronic plantar fasciitis

inflammation of plantar fascia

pain worst during first step in the morning

chronic heel spur

bony growth of calcaneus

wolffs law

if bone is experiencing overload stress, bone grows

Lisfranc injury

an injury of the foot where metatarsal bones are displaced from the tarsus -- force on heel

acute forefoot sprain -- turf toe

big toe joint sprain -- hyperextending big toe

avulsion

A forcible pulling away of a part or structure

Jones Fracture

fracture of the base of the 5th metatarsal

anatomy of ankle

tibia, fibula, talus = dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

subtalar joint

a joint in the ankle found between the talus and calcaneus -- inversion and eversion

anterior talofibular ligament

lateral ankle sprain, Inversion sprain, front talus to fibula, jumping

anterior inferior tib-fib ligament

high ankle sprain, forces external rotation and dorsiflexion, eversion sprains

deltoid ligament complex

medial ankle sprain, eversion and external force, harder to sprain because more ligaments

lateral ankle sprain

80-85% of all ankle sprains, reinjury is common

high ankle sprain

moi=dorsiflexion and eversion

medial ankle sprain

moi=eversion

peroneal tendons

Help turn the foot down and out, avulsion fracture, inserts at proximal end of 5th metatarsal

achilles tendon rupture

acute=flat

chronic=wider

common in old men

most common injury

PRICE

protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation

rehabilitation

balance, regain motion, strength and endurance, functional

knee edema

above patella

knee effusion

discoloration

tibia

shin bone -- big

Fibula

calf bone -- little

tibia fractures

more painful, 90% of body weight, overlays talus

fibula fracture

hurt less, 10% body weight

tibia + fibula fracture

medical emergency

Chronic stress fractures in tibia, metatarsals, navicular

common in runners

medial tibial stress syndrome

shin splints

knee anatomy

femur, tibia, fibula, patella

right knee = fibula on outside

medial meniscus

C-shaped cartilage

lateral meniscus

O shaped cartilage

Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL)

Ligament giving stability to the outer knee

Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL)

a flat longitudinal band found on the medial side of the knee joint

valgus force

more common in sports

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

connects the tibia to the lateral edge of the intercondylar fossa of the femur

moi = plant, cut, pivot

Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

prevents posterior displacement of tibia

difficult to injure in sports

contact/force

dashboard injury

acute patellofemoral dislocation

patella shifts laterally, difficult rehab

acute total knee dislocation

tibiofemoral joint dislocation, mulitple ligament injury, emergency, hard to fully recover

chronic anterior knee pain

patellofemoral pain syndrome, patellar tendinitis, osgood schlatters (tibial tuberosity)

chronic lateral knee pain

IT band syndrome -- constant rubbing

runs the length of the lateral thigh

tightness

inserts on anterior tibia

pelvis

2 hip bones and the sacrum + coccyx

articulates with femur

hip bones

ilium, ischium, pubis

femoroacetabular joint

hip joint, ball and socket

pubic symphysis joint

between hip bones/hip bones

sacroiliac joint (SI)

Connects Pelvis to Spine (Trunk)

iliopsoas

hip flexor

quadriceps muscle group

rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis

flexes hip and extends knee

Iliotibial band (IT)

lateral to knee

ischial tuberosity

origin site for hamstring muscles

myositis ossificans

chronic. bone formation due to muscle inflammation

bruising in quad/hamstring

femur fracture

acute -- car crash

rare in healthy bone

Acute hip dislocation

most common posterior dislocation

dashboard injury

femur come our back towards butt

axial load to flexed hip

Femoroacetabular Impingement (FAI)

cam, pincer, or both

bony overgrowth in hip joint

FOOSH

fall on outstretched hand

shoulder anatomy

clavicle, humerus, scapula

shoulder articulations

Glenohumeral

Acromioclavicular

Sternoclavicular

Scapulothoracic