AP Bio Parts of the Cell Diagram | Quizlet

Four things homologous characters between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

1) cell membrane
2) ribosomes
3) DNA
4) cytosol/cytoplasm

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Outer boundary of the cell which separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell.

Cytosol

The thick solution portion of cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Everything inside the cell membrane minus the nucleus

Ribosome

cellular machine made of protein and rRNA (ribosomal RNA) which cells use to make proteins; found throughout the cytoplasm and on the rough ER

prokaryotic cell

The simpler, smaller type of cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; all are unicellular

Two types of prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

nucleoid region

Region in a prokaryotic cell's cytoplasm where the circular DNA chromosome is located

capsule

outer coating on some prokaryotes which allows them to stick to things

Pili

Hairlike structures on bacteria surfaces which can allow them to attach to other surfaces

eukaryotic cell

More complex, larger type of cell which contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; can be unicellular or multicellular

endomembrane system

network of membranes that includes the nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane

Nucleus

organelle in eukaryotic cells which houses and protects the cells DNA

nuclear envelope

lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the nucleus

nuclear pores

openings in the nuclear envelope to allow materials in and out of the nucleus

nucleolus

region of the nucleus which is responsible for building the different parts of ribosomes out of proteins and rRNA

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A highly folded membrane structure outside the nucleus which takes in proteins and lipids to modify and sort them

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum which has ribosomes attached to it and modifies proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum which does not have ribosomes attached to and deals primarily with lipid synthesis and modification

Golgi apparatus

A series of stacked, flattened membranes which takes material from the ER and further modifies and sorts it

Examples of modifications made to proteins in the ER and Golgi

1) help proteins fold correctly
2) chemically modifying them by cutting them or adding other molecules like carbohydrates to them
3) packaging them to be transported to their intended destinations

glycosylation

addition of carbohydrate chains to proteins as they pass through the ER and Golgi apparatus to determine cellular destination

Vacuole

membrane-enclosed sac which stores and releases materials within the cell

Vesicle

Small membrane-enclosed structure which transports materials in the cell

secretory pathway

route taken by materials made by the cell and released outside the cell

Rough ER --> Golgi ---> Cell membrane

Materials move from place to place using vesicles which bud off of one structure and fuse with the next one

Lysosome

Membrane-enclosed sac which gets rid of or recycles waste by using digestive enzymes to break down molecules (hydrolyzes macromolecules)

autophagy

process which maintains cellular homeostasis through recycling selective intracellular organelles and molecules

apoptosis

process which maintains organismal homeostasis by killing damaged or unneeded cells; programmed cell death

If a lysosome leaks into the cell, why does that not cause a lot of damage?

Enzymes in lysosomes function in the acidic environments but denature in neutral pH range like in the cell

peroxisome

breaks down toxic molecules such as hydrogen peroxide which constantly accumulate in our cells and would otherwise be toxic

semi-autonomous organelles

organelles which have their own DNA and divide on their own but which still must rely on other parts of the cell to function; examples mitochondria and chloroplasts

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration which converts chemical energy from food into the energy molecule ATP; found in all eukaryotic cells

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis in plants where they capture light energy and use it to make food (i.e. glucose); found only in plant cells

Central Vacuole

Large vacuole filled with water (and other things) and supports plant cell structure by exerting pressure on the cell wall

Cell Wall

Found on the outside of the cell membrane which provides a cell with structure and protection; found only plant and fungal cells in eukaryotes and most prokaryotic cells

cellulose

polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

chitin

polysaccharide that makes up fungal cell walls

peptidoglycan

a compound made of polysaccharide and peptide chains which forms cell wall of bacteria

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

cilium (pl. cilia)

short hairlike projections found all around the surface of a cell that produces movement of cell or materials around the cell

flagellum (pl. flagella)

long cellular extension(s) on one side of the cell that rotates, enabling that cell to move