Control of Enzyme Activity & Energy Production

Flashcards covering enzyme activity, metabolic pathways for energy production (aerobic and anaerobic), oxidation-reduction, specific metabolic enzymes, major nutrient roles, and organ-specific energy metabolism based on the provided lecture notes.

Enzyme Activity Control

Highly sensitive to temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and stimulatory/inhibitory effects.

Photosynthesis

A process that leads to glucose production, which then enters glycolysis.

Aerobic Respiration

Cellular respiration using oxygen, producing H2O, CO2, and a net of 32 ATP.

Anaerobic Respiration

Fermentation without oxygen, producing lactate or alcohol, incomplete oxidation products like organic compounds and CO2, and a net of 2 ATP.

Oxidation

A process where a compound loses electrons.

Reduction

A process where a compound gains electrons.

NAD+/NADH

Electron transporters in metabolic pathways; NAD+ is reduced to NADH.

Glycogen

The stored form of glucose, primarily in the liver.

Glycolysis

The metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate.

Pyruvic Acid

A product of glycolysis that can be converted to lactic acid (anaerobic) or enter the mitochondrion for aerobic respiration.

Cori Cycle

A metabolic pathway where lactic acid from skeletal muscles is transported to the liver, converted to pyruvate and then glucose, and returned to muscles.

Citric Acid Cycle

A mitochondrial pathway in aerobic respiration that creates ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of aerobic respiration, utilizing electron transporters to produce a large amount of ATP.

Hexokinase

An enzyme in glycolysis that converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate.

Energy-Investing Reactions (Glycolysis)

Reactions in glycolysis involving enzymes like Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase, Phosphohexose Isomerase, and Aldolase.

Carbohydrates

An important glucose source for metabolism.

Proteins

Provide amino acids for metabolic processes.

Fats

Provide free fatty acids and glycerol for metabolic processes.

Gluconeogenesis

The process of turning amino acids or free fatty acids into glucose.

Lipogenesis

The process where excess glucose is converted into fat for storage.

Brain Energy Sources

Uses glucose and ketone bodies for energy production.

Muscle Energy Sources

Uses glycogen, breaks down fatty acids, and can break down proteins to amino acids for energy.

Liver Energy Role

Converts glycogen into glucose and pyruvate, and breaks down free fatty acids into ketone bodies.