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blood vessels
the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body
arteries
carry the blood away from the heart
arterioles
are small branches of an artery leading into capillaries
capillaries
where the exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues occurs
veins
which carry blood from the capillaries back towards the heart
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Five types of blood vessels
thick and elastic
Arteries are __ and __ to withstand the pressure in transporting blood to the whole body
arteries, capillaries, veins
Main types of blood vessels
arteries
Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to all of the body's tissues
capillaries
Small, thin blood vessels that connect the arteries and the veins. Their thin walls allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and other waste products to pass to and from cells
veins
Blood carried by the veins contains less oxygen and rich in waste products
▪Tunica intima
▪Tunica media
▪Tunica externa
Both the vein and artery are composed of three major layers
Tunica intima
Innermost and thinnest layer
internal elastic lamina
Composed of simple squamous epithelial cells interlaced with several circularly arranged elastic bands called the ___
simple squamous epithelial cells
Tunica intima is compose of ________.
Tunica media
Thickest layer in the arteries
external elastic lamina
Consists of circularly arranged elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances, the second and third layer are separated by another thick elastic band called ___
elastic fiber, connective tissue, polysaccharide substances
Tunica media are consist of_______, _________ and ______.
Tunica externa
Outer layer and the thickest layer in veins
Tunica externa
Entirely made of connective tissue
Tunica externa
Contains nerves that supply the vessel as well as nutrient capillaries (vasa vasorum) in the larger blood vessel
Vasoconstriction
narrowing of blood vessels (becoming smaller in cross-sectional area) by contracting the vascular smooth muscle in the vessel walls
increases
if the vasoconstriction becomes smaller, the blood pressure _______.
vasoconstrictors
substances that causes the blood vessel to vasoconstrict is called ________.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Cold Water
Antihistamine
what are the examples of vasoconstrictors?
Vasodilation
a process mediated by antagonistically acting mediators. The most prominent vasodilator is nitric oxide (termed endothelium-derived relaxing factor for this reason)
decreases
if the vasodilation becomes bigger, the blood pressure ________.
nitric oxide
The most prominent vasodilator is ______.
hormone (vasopressin)
neurotransmitter (epinephrine)
what are the others vasodilators except for nitric oxide?
25 millimeters, 8 micrometers
Vessel size ranges from a diameter of about __ for the aorta to only _ in the capillaries.
VESSEL SIZE
It ranges from a diameter of about 25 millimeters for the aorta to only 8 micrometers in the capillaries
median cubital vein, cephalic vein, basilic vein
the three major veins
Antecubital fossa
Also known as the elbow pit
Antecubital fossa
Triangular area on the anterior of the elbow, which is a site of major veins
Antecubital fossa
First choice for routine venipuncture because there are several major veins called antecubital veins
antecubital veins
First choice for routine venipuncture because there are several major veins called ________.
Median cubital vein
preferred venipuncture site; easiest to access and least painful for the patient
it is prominent
easy to palpate
it is well-anchored which is easy to hit
it is close to the surface of the skin
give four reasons why the median cubital vein is the most preferred.
Cephalic vein
the second choice; harder to palpate but is usually better when drawing blood from an obese patient
Basilic vein
the last choice- vein; not well anchored and punctures are more painful
Leg, ankle, and foot veins
must not be used in venipuncture without the permission of a physician due to complications such as thrombosis
Arteries
not used for routine blood collection and are limited to the collection of arterial blood gas. Special training is needed, and the procedure is risky for the patient
Dark Red
if the blood is deoxygenated, the color of blood is ______.
Bright Red
if the blood is oxygenated, the color of blood is ______.