Anatomy Final Review Guide

Anatomy is the study of the body's

structure

Physiology is the study of the body's

function

List the levels of organization of an organism

chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

superior

up

inferior

down

medial

towards middle

lateral

away from middle

anterior

front

posterior

back

proximal

closer to origin of limb

distal

away from origin of limb

Lumbar

lower back

Gluteal

butt

Occipital

back of head

Femoral

thigh

Vertebral

spine

Brachial

arm

proper anatomical position

palms + body forward

Frontal / Coronal

cut into front and back

Sagittal

cut into left and right

Transverse

cut into top and bottom

What are the body cavities? Which two body cavities are separated by the diaphragm?

cranial, spinal, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

What tissue type primarily makes up the dermis?

epithelial tissue

The layer of skin that lacks blood vessels

epidermis

The order of epidermal layers from superficial to deep are

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

sc

protective barrier + regulates water loss (dead cells)

sl

reduces friction

sg

beginning of cell death and keratinization

ss

provides strength and flexibility through keratin production

sb

produces new cells (keratinocytes), protects from UV rays, makes melanin (melanocytes)

hair follicle

produces hair to regulate body temperature and protect skin from UV rays

sweat glands

produce sweat to regulate body temperature

eccrine glands

more widespread and watery secretion

apocrine glands

produces sweat with odor

sebaceous glands

produce sebum to moisturize skin and act as a barrier for foreign substances

nerves

transmit sensory information

blood vessels

supply oxygen and nutrients and regulate body temp through dilation and constriction (+ remove waste)

Smooth muscles that produce goosebumps when they contract are the

arrector pili muscles

The gland that produces sweat with odor

apocrine glands

The gland that produces secretes sebum to lubricate hair

sebaceous filaments

Overall functions of the integumentary system

insulate and protect

axial skeleton

torso + head

appendicular skeleton

limbs

Functions of the skeletal system

structure

Types of bone cells and their functions

osteoblasts (building), osteoclasts (destroying/absorbing), osteocytes (maturing)

Types of bone marrow, location and functions

yellow bone marrow (fat) found in medullary cavities, red bone marrow (blood) found in flat bones

Types of bones

long bone, flat bone, short bone, irregular bone

In bone formation, the cells that produce the matrix are

the osteoblasts

Number of bones in an adult

206

Which skull bone articulates with the first vertebrae?

occipital

The layman's name for the clavicle is the

collarbone

The longest and heaviest bone in the body is

the femur

Three Vertebral disorders

scoliosis, lordosis, kyphosis

The correct order of arrangement of parts of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest is

muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament

List all the myofilament proteins

actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin

The contractile unit of a myofibril is the

sarcomere

The chief function of the T tubule is to

allow for electrical signals to move deeper into the cell

Steps of muscle contraction

Exposure to a Neural Signal, Release of Calcium Ions, Formation of Cross-Bridges, Power Stroke, Detachment and Reattachment.

During muscle contraction, Ca2+ is released from the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The principal component(s) of a motor unit is/are:

the motoneuron, its axon branching within a muscle, and the innervated muscle fibers

The neurotransmitter(s) secreted at the motor end

plate is -acetylcholine

The ion needed for crossbridging is

calcium

The first event to occur in muscle relaxation is

the sarcoplasmic reticulum begins actively pumping calcium back into its sacs

After it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the calcium combines with which protein?

troponin

The covering of individual muscle fibers is

endomysium

The covering of the entire muscle

epimysium

The covering of a fascicle

perimysium

The muscle that shrugs the shoulders is the

trapezius

The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the

triceps brachii

The muscles of the hamstring include Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris

The thick myofilament is ____, whereas the _____ is the thin myofilament.

myosin, actin

Rigor mortis is caused because of the lack of what to "turn off" muscle contraction.

ATP

The cell membrane of a muscle fiber is called the

sarcolemma

Anaerobic respiration

is the first choice of the muscle cell for the production of ATP.

The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber is called a

neuromuscular junction

Characteristics of skeletal

Skeletal muscle is long and cylindrical, with striations and multiple nuclei, and is under voluntary control.

Cardiac muscle

is shorter, branched, and striated, with a single central nucleus and is under involuntary control.

Smooth muscle

is short and spindle-shaped, non-striated, with a single nucleus, and also under involuntary control.

Muscle involved in chewing:

masseter

Muscle involved in raising the eyebrows:

frontalis

Muscle involved in puckering:

orbicularis oris