Chapter 7_Particular Nature of Matter_G3

Particulate Nature of Matter

A model representing matter as being made up of small, discrete particles in constant and random motion.

Brownian Motion

The random movement of particles suspended in a fluid, resulting from collisions with fast-moving molecules in the fluid.

Diffusion

The net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

States of Matter

The distinct forms that different phases of matter take on, typically solid, liquid, and gas.

Melting

The process where a solid changes to a liquid upon heating, as particles gain energy and overcome forces of attraction.

Freezing

The process where a liquid changes to a solid upon cooling, as particles lose energy and move closer together.

Boiling

The process where a liquid changes to a gas upon heating, occurring at the boiling point when particles gain enough energy to break free.

Condensation

The process where a gas changes to a liquid upon cooling, as particles lose energy and move closer together.

Expansion

The increase in volume of matter when it gains heat, causing particles to move further apart.

Contraction

The decrease in volume of matter when it loses heat, causing particles to move closer together.

Concentration Gradient

The difference in concentration of particles between two regions, influencing the rate of diffusion.

Density

The mass per unit volume of a substance, which changes during expansion and contraction.

Fixed Shape

A characteristic of solids where particles are closely packed in a regular pattern and cannot move freely.

Irregular Pattern

The arrangement of particles in liquids, allowing them to slide over one another while maintaining a fixed volume.