Organizational Behavior - Motivating (Chapter 5) Behavior

Flashcards on Motivation

Motivation

A set of forces that leads people to behave in particular ways

Need

Anything an individual requires or wants, triggering attempts to satisfy the need.

Scientific Management

Approach to motivation that assumes employees are motivated by money.

Human Relations Approach

Fostering a false sense of employees’ inclusion in decision making will result in positive employee attitudes and motivation to work hard.

Human Resource Approach

Assumes that people want to contribute and are able to make genuine contributions.

Task-Specific Self-Efficacy

A person’s beliefs in their capabilities to do what is required to accomplish a specific task

Magnitude (of Self-Efficacy)

Beliefs about how difficult a task can be to accomplish

Strength (of Self-Efficacy)

Beliefs about how confident the person is that the specific task can be accomplished

Generality (of Self-Efficacy)

Beliefs about the degree to which similar tasks can be accomplished

Need-Based Theory

Assumes that need deficiencies cause behavior.

Hierarchy of Needs

Assumes that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance including physiological, security, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Deficiency Needs

Physiological, security, and belongingness needs; must be satisfied for the individual to survive and be fundamentally comfortable.

Growth Needs

Esteem and self-actualization needs; focus on personal growth and development

ERG Theory

Describes existence, relatedness, and growth needs, where more than one need may motivate a person at the same time.

Two-Factor Theory

Identifies motivation factors (intrinsic to the work itself) and hygiene factors (extrinsic to the work itself).

Motivation Factors

Are intrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as achievement and recognition

Hygiene Factors

Are extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pay and job security

Acquired Needs Framework

Centers on the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power.

Need for Achievement

The desire to accomplish a task or goal more effectively than was done in the past.

Need for Affiliation

The need for human companionship.

Need for Power

The desire to control the resources in one’s environment.

Process-Based Perspective

Focuses on how people behave in their efforts to satisfy their needs.

Equity Theory

Focuses on people’s desire to be treated with what they perceive as equity and to avoid perceived inequity.

Equity

The belief that we are being treated fairly in relation to others; inequity is the belief that we are being treated unfairly in relation to others.

Expectancy Theory

Suggests that people are motivated by how much they want something and the likelihood they perceive of getting it.

Effort-to-Performance Expectancy

The perceived probability that effort will lead to performance

Performance-to-Outcome Expectancy

The perceived probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes

Outcome

Anything that results from performing a behavior

Valence

The degree of attractiveness or unattractiveness (value) that a particular outcome has for a person.

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience.

Classical Conditioning

A simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus.

Reinforcement Theory

Based on the idea that behavior is a function of its consequences; also called operant conditioning.

Social Learning

When people observe the behaviors of others, recognize the consequences, and alter their own behavior as a result.

Behavior Modification

The application of reinforcement theory to influence the behaviors of people in organizational settings

Positive Reinforcement

Uses rewards or other desirable consequences that a person receives after exhibiting behavior.

Negative Reinforcement (Avoidance)

Involves opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior.

Punishment

Is the application of unpleasant or aversive consequences to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Extinction

Decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable consequence that follows a behavior.