2.2 AP PSYCH

Rods

Cell in the retina which respond to BLACK AND WHITE LOW LIGHT

**Outnumbers cones

Cones

Cells in the retina which are SENSITIVE TO COLOR

Fovea

“Centeral Focus point” Contains the HIGHEST CONCENTRATION OF CONES at the center of the retina

Retina

light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Lens

the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

Iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

Pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

Cornea

Protective Clear layer of the eye

Transduction

CONVERSION of one form of energy into another

ENERGY INCLUDES: sight & smell into neural impulses for brain interpretation

Accomodation

Eye lens CHANGES SHAPE to focus images of near or far objects on the retina

Feature detectors

VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING, nerve cells in occipital lobe which looks for SPECIFIC VISUAL FEATURES

Parallel processing

Processes MULTIPLE aspects of stimulus

Serial processing

“STEP BY STEP”, Sequence, information is individual

Cochlea

(INNER EAR) Spiral-shaped structure responsible for CONVERTING SOUND WAVE vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain

Basilar membrane

(INNER EAR) Inside the cochlea; contains HAIR CELLS which serve as sensory receptors of auditory system

Semicircular canals

(INNER EAR) Responsible for detecting HEAD AND BODY MOVEMENTS and maintaining balance

Bones of middle ear

(INNER EAR) Hammer, Malleus, anvil

(aka incus, stirrup and stapes)

Auditory nerve

(INNER EAR) Between cochlea and brain. TRANSMITS AUDITORY MESSAGES to the brain.

Eardrum

(OUTER/MIDDLE EAR) Thin membrane which vibrates when struck by sound waves transmitting the vibrations into the inner ear

Auditory canal

(OUTER EAR) Tube connecting outer ear to middle; CARRIES SOUND WAVES

Place theory

Theory explaining HOW WE PERCEIVE different PITCHES OR ONES on specific “place” along basilar membrane

“HIGH PITCHED SOUNDS”

Frequency theory

Theory suggesting PERCEPTION OF PITCH depends on HOW FAST HAIR CELLS VIBRATE in response to sound waves

“LOW PITCHED SOUNDS”Vp

Volley Theory

(FRCY THEORY) Extension, neurons alternate in firing

Conduction loss

(HEARING LOSS) caused by problems in outer or middle ear which hinder sound conduction

Sensorineural loss

(HEARING LOSS) caused by impairment resulting in damage to inner ear structures or auditory nerve (Inner ear)

Smell

Olfaction

Taste

Gustation

Vestibular

Functions to DETECT head location and movement in space; balance fluid in ear helps

Kinethetic

Where individual body parts are

Touch

(GATE-CONTROL THEORY) Pain