Week 1- Bodily fluids and pH

4 main elements of body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Composition of body female vs male

Female have slightly higher fat, slightly lower protein

Organic molecules of body (4)

Protein, triglyceride, carbohydrate, nucleic acid

most abundant organic and inorganic compound in human body

Organic-Protein (16%)

Inorganic-Water (65%)

How are body fluids characterised?

Intracellular (64%)

Extracellular (36%)

Give examples of the intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

Intercellular- cytosol

Extracellular-interstitial fluid, plasma

Describe fluid intake and output for maintaining fluid balance

intake sources most abundant to least

output sources most abundant to least

Intake:

- Beverages 60%

- Food 30%

- Metabolism 10%

Output:

- Urine 60%

- sweat skin/ lungs 28%

- faeces 4%

5. What are the consequences of fluid imbalance?

dehydration:

thirst, dry mouth, oliguria (low urine output), hypovolemic shock, loss of electrolytes, death

water intoxication:

nausea, vomiting, muscle cramp, confusion, coma, death

Why is water so important?

Universal solvent, transport, cushions, neutral pH, surface tension, lubricate

dissolve vs disscociate

Dissolve solutes are separated but not broken apart in solvent. Dissociate the ions separate.

Electrolytes vs non-electrolytes

Electrolytes:

-like salts, acids, bases, can be dissolved and dissociated create electric current as they move as cations and anions

Non-electrolytes:

-like glucose, urea, alc, protein can dissolve but not dissociate because they remain intact, therefore don't conduct electric current.

Why don't glucose, urea, alcohol and proteins conduct and electric current?

They're non-electrolytes, don't dissociate only dissolve, so aren't separated into anions and cations to move and produce electricity.

Major electrolytes of intra and extra cellular fluid?

Intra:

-Potassium, Magnesium, Phosphate ions

Extra:

-Sodium, chlorine, bicarbonate ions

Why are electrolytes so important?

Transport nutrients and fluids, waste removal, communication, maintain fluid

H > OH, is it neutral acidic or alkaline

Acidic

What are the main acids in the body?

Fixed: remain in fluid until kidney eliminates it

-made with phosphate compounds

eg. sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid

Metabolic-by product of cell metabolism

-not big groups bc they metabolise quickly

-eg. pyruvic acid, lactic acid, ketone bodies

Volatile:

-eliminated as CO2 easily

-via lungs

eg. carbonic acid

H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) and phosphoric acid are fixed, metabolic or volatile acids?

Fixed

C3H4O3 (Pyruvic acid), lactic acid and ketone bodies are fixed, metabolic or volatile acids?

Metabolic

H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Volatile

What are the common bases of the human body?

Bicarbonate ion (H2CO3-), amino group (nh2) usually found in proteins and hydrogen phosphate (HPO42-)

Why must pH stay between 6.8-7.7?

Otherwise, proteins will denature and organs shut down, death

What are the 3 buffer systems?

Carbonic, phosphate and protein

Which buffer system is the following, what is it doing?

HC03- + H --> H2CO3-->CO2+H2O

Carbonic acid buffer system

-increasing pH because it is currently too low

Which buffer system is the following, what is it doing?

HPO42- + H+ --> H2PO4

Phosphate buffer

-increasing pH bc it is too low

Which buffer system is the following, what is it doing?

NH2 + H+ --> NH3

Protein buffer system

-Inc pH because it is too low

Which buffer system is the following, what is it doing?

-COOH--> COO- + H+

Protein buffer system

-Dec pH bc it is too high

Acidosis

pH <7.35,

headache, disorientation, blurred vision, lethargy, coma, death

Alkalosis

pH >7.45

Muscle spasm, diziness, lethargy, inc HR, seizure, death

Respiratory Acidosis-what it is and cause

• Hypoventilation-breathing too slow or shallow

• CO2 build-up in blood, binds with H2O, forms H2CO3, turns to H+ ions

• pH rises <7.35

Respiratory Alkalosis-what it is and cause

• Hyperventilating

• excessive CO2 loss so HCO2 binds with H+ protons to dissociate to make more CO2

• less H+ in blood causes pH > 7.45

Acidosis symptoms

• headache, disorientation, blurred vision, lethargy, coma, death

Alkalosis symptoms

• Muscle spasm, dizziness, lethargy, inc HR, seizures, death

Fixed, metabolic, and volatile. Which of the following leaves the body via epiration as CO2 in the lungs?

volatile

Fixed, metabolic, and volatile. Which of the following is a by produict of cellular metabolic activities?

Metabolic

Fixed, metabolic, and volatile. Which of the following is synthesized via catabolism of amino acids and compounds containing phosphate groups?

Fixed

Metabolic Acidosis

• Excessive protein rich-foods excessive exercise

• Build-up of acids causes excessive H+ in blood

• Excessive loss of HCO3 – via diarrhea -> insufficient HCO3 – to soak up H+ 4.

• As more H+ are present in the blood, pH drops < 7.35

Metabolic Alkalosis

• Exclusive vegetarian diet (rich in bases; eg spinach, cucumber, celery etc) leads to a decrease in blood H+ 2.

• Excessive consumption of antacids (bases to treat acid reflux) leads to a decrease in blood H+ 3.

• Prolonged vomiting leads to excessive loss of H+ 4. Less H+ are present, pH rises > 7.45