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Rutherford Hayes
19th U.S. president known for ending Reconstruction
Samuel Tilden
Democratic presidential candidate in 1876 involved in Compromise of 1877.
William McKinley
25th U.S. president who led the country during the Spanish-American War.
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic politician known for his 'Cross of Gold' speech.
J.P. Morgan
American banker and financier who stabilized the financial system during crises.
'Waving the bloody shirt'
A political tactic used by Republicans after the Civil War to blame Democrats in the South for the war to gain votes.
Tweed Ring
A corrupt political organization led by William 'Boss' Tweed
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Political scandal in the 1870s involving a construction company that fraudulently took funds from the federal government.
Gilded Age
A period in U.S. history (1870s-1900) marked by rapid industrialization, economic growth, political corruption, and social inequality.
Patronage
The practice of giving government jobs to political supporters
Jim Crow
State and local laws in the South enforcing racial segregation.
Compromise of 1877
A deal that resolved the disputed 1876 election
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Law intended to protect African Americans’ civil rights, but was unconstitutional.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.'
Chinese Exclusion Act
Prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers; the first major law to restrict immigration based on race.
Pendleton Act
Established a merit-based system for federal civil service jobs.
Homestead Act
Provided 160 acres of land to settlers who would farm it and build a permanent structure
Grandfather Clause
Provision in Southern state constitutions that exempted white voters from literacy tests or poll taxes.
Sharecropping
System of agriculture where farmers worked land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crops.
The Great Strike of 1877
Nationwide railroad strike sparked by wage cuts and poor working conditions
Horace Greeley
Journalist and founder of the New York Tribune
ran for president
Thomas Reed
Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
known for his use of 'Reed Rules'
'New Immigrants'
Immigrants who arrived in the U.S. after the 1880s
Political Machines
Political organizations that controlled local and state governments through patronage.
Settlement House
Community centers established to provide services such as education, healthcare, and job training.
Tuskegee Institute
An educational institution founded by Booker T. Washington
Pragmatism
Philosophical movement emphasizing practical consequences over abstract theories.
Land-Grant Colleges
Colleges and universities established through the Morrill Act of 1862.
Yellow Journalism
A style of exaggerated news reporting,
attract readers and increase sales.
Jane Addams
Social reformer and founder of (Settlement House) in Chicago
Booker T. Washington
African American educator and founder of the Tuskegee Institute.
W.E.B. Du Bois
African American sociologist, historian, and co-founder of the NAACP.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Women’s suffrage leader and president of the NAWSA.
Horatio Alger
American author best known for his 'rags-to-riches' novels.
John Dewey
Philosopher and educator who was a leading advocate for progressive education.
Joseph Pulitzer
Newspaper publisher who owned the New York World
yellow journalism
William Randolph Hearst
Newspaper magnate who helped to popularize yellow journalism.
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