AO1 - COMPLETE

Abstract noun

The lexis which refers to states, feelings and concepts that do not have a physical existence
e.g. hatred

Adjective

A word which describes a noun
eg. blue

Adverb

A word which describes a verb
e.g. slowly

Attributive adjective

Adjectives placed before the noun
eg. a dangerous animal

Cardinal number

A number which shows a quantity
e.g. Thirty

Closed word class

The overarching lexical category of word classes where new words cannot be added.

Collective noun

The lexis which refers to groups of things, especially animals
e.g. a flock of sheep

Comparative

An adjective or an adverb which compares two things showing greater or lesser degree (usually ends in -er)
e.g. slower

Concrete noun

The lexis which refers to things with a physical existence
e.g. toast

Co-ordinating conjunction

A linking word which connects independent clauses or phrases, giving equal importance to each section
e.g. and

Count noun

A noun that can be preceded by a number and counted
e.g. one shoe

Definite article

Indicates a specific noun
e.g. the

Degree adverb

A word which shows the extent of something
e.g. we completely understand

Demonstrative adjective

Indicates exactly which noun the speaker means and requires context to make sense
eg. this, that (feather); these, those (feathers)

Demonstrative pronoun

Replaces the noun and refers to something specific
eg. this, that, these, those

Duration adverb

A word which expresses how long the verb happens for
eg. forever

Expletive

The formal term for swear words

Frequency adverb

A word which expresses how often the verb happens
e.g. daily

Hypernym

A word constituting a category
e.g. animals

Hyponym

A word within an overarching category
e.g. tree, bush, flower

Indefinite article

Indicates a non-specific noun
e.g. a/an

Infinitive verb

The base form of a verb which uses the word to
e.g. to giggle

Imperative verb

A command
e.g. Sit down!

Manner adverb

A word which expresses how the verb happens
eg. greedily

Mass noun

A noun that can't be counted and doesn't have a plural
eg. information

Material verb

The lexis which refers to a physical action
eg. run

Mental verb

The lexis which shows internal processes
e.g. thinking

Monosyllabic lexis

A word with one syllable
e.g. Stop

Open word class

The overarching lexical category of word classes where new words can continually be added

Ordinal number

A number defining the position of something in a series
e.g. firstly

Polysyllabic lexis

A word with multiple syllables
e.g. Bookcase

Possessive adjective/determiner

A word which is placed before a noun to show ownership
eg. my/his

Possessive pronoun

A pronoun which takes the place of a noun to show ownership
eg. mine/ Theirs

Predicative adjective

Adjectives placed after the noun
eg. the sausage was sticky

Preposition

Words which show the location of a noun
eg. under

Pronoun

Words which replace nouns
e.g. he

Proper noun

The lexis which refers to names of people, places or organisations
e.g. Waitrose

Relational verb

The lexis which describes states of being
e.g. be/ seem

Relative pronoun

A pronoun which introduces a relative clause
e.g. who/ that

Spatial adverb

A word or phrase which expresses where the verb happens
e.g. over there

Subordinating conjunction

A linking word which connects an independent clause with a subordinate clause
eg. because

Superlative

An adjective or an adverb which shows the greatest or least degree (usually ends in -est)
eg. Grumpiest

Temporal adverb

A word or phrase which expresses when the verb happens
eg. tomorrow

Verbal verb

The lexis which is linked to the process of making sounds
eg. Shout

Allusion

A figure of speech when a text or speaker refers to a saying, idea, event, etc. outside the text or conversation

Context

The circumstances that surround a word, phrase or text

Conversational maxim

Grice (1975) proposed 4 maxims (rules) for how conversations are structured:

Conversational implicature

Grice (1975) stated this is where the speaker flouts one of the conversational maxims

Co-operative principle

Grice (1975) proposed that those involved in communication assume that both parties seek to co-operate with one another to establish agreed meaning

Deixis / Deictic expression

A word or phrase within a text or conversation that can't be understood unless you know the context

Distal deixis

A type of place deixis which indicates a location which is far away from the speaker

Embodied knowledge

Knowledge that is associated with memories of physically experiencing something

Face threatening act

An act which challenges the face of an interlocutor - there are 4 types:

Idiom

An expression where the meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements

Illocution

An aspect of speech act theory - the implied meaning that the text producer wants you to understand

Indirect face threatening act

An ambiguous speech act which is not necessarily directed at anyone specific - the receiver may "catch the drift" but the speaker can also deny a meaning if they wish

Indirect speech act

A speech act where there is a discrepancy between the literal meaning and the intended meaning

Inference

Using assumed knowledge in order to determine meaning

Irony

The use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning

Locution

An aspect of speech act theory - the literal meaning

Maxim of Manner

Be clear and avoid ambiguity/obscurity

Maxim of Quantity

Do not say too little or too much

Maxim of Quality

Speak the truth

Maxim of Relevance

Be relevant

Negative face need

The basic personal rights of an individual and their desire not to be imposed upon, intruded, or otherwise put upon

Negative politeness

A way to make a request without giving offence by showing deference - often shown through hedging (a word or phrase that makes a statement less forceful or assertive), questioning and presenting disagreements as opinions

Perlocution

An aspect of speech act theory - the perceived meaning that the text receiver understands

Person deixis

The grammatical persons involved in an utterance (those directly involved, those not directly involved and those/things mentioned in the utterance)

Place deixis

The spatial locations relevant to an utterance:

Politeness strategies

Speech acts that express concern for others and minimize threats to self-esteem ("face") in particular social contexts - there are positive and negative politeness strategies

Positive face need

The individual desire of a person that their personality is appreciated and liked by others, especially those in their social group

Positive politeness

A way to make a request without giving offence by highlighting friendliness - often shown through compliments, common ground, jokes, tag questions, honorifics (title of address such as Mrs) and specific discourse markers (please)

Pragmatics

Exploring how contextual factors such as background knowledge influence meaning

Presupposition

Any information which is taken for granted within discourse

Proximal deixis

A type of place deixis which indicates a location which is near to the speaker

Schema

The bundle of knowledge about a concept, person or event

Speech act

Acts of communication that carry meaning beyond the words and phrases used within them

Time deixis

The times involved in and referred to in an utterance - this could link to the time when the utterance is made (encoding time) or heard (decoding time)

Active voice

Placing the subject before the verb (SV / SVO)
e.g. The girls laughed at the cow.

Affix

A morpheme which could either come before, after or within a root word - it is the overarching term for prefixes, suffixes and infixes
e.g. bi- or -tion

Antecedent

The noun or noun phrase which a pronoun refers to
e.g. SALLY plays piano and she sings.

Auxiliary verb

A verb which precedes the main verb to form part of a verb phrase
e.g. be, have, do

Bound morpheme

A morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word, but combine with a root word to form a new word
e.g. un- or -ment

Clause

A grammatical unit which can either stand alone (independent clause) or support a section of the sentence (subordinate clause) but it must contain a verb
eg. She washed her hair

Complex sentence

An independent clause and a dependent/subordinate clause which are usually joined with either a subordinating conjunction or a comma
e.g. Whilst I was sleeping, I walked around my house.

Compound sentence

Two or more independent clauses which are joined together with a co-ordinating conjunction
e.g. I made tea and she fell asleep.

Compound-complex sentence

At least two independent clauses and a subordinate clause
e.g. When it was snowing, Philippa read and she drank hot chocolate.

Conditional clause

A specific type of subordinate clause which express an imagined situation or condition and the possible result of that situation - it is usually introduced with either if or unless
e.g. If it rains

Conditional sentence

A main clause and a conditional clause, showing possibility
e.g.If it rains, I will cry.

Conjugation

The variation of the form of a verb by which the tense, number, and person are identified

Co-ordination

Joining aspects of a sentence together using co-ordinating conjunctions
e.g. and, or

Declarative sentence

A sentence function which makes a statement
e.g. Trixie waited in anticipation.

Derivational function

A type of suffix which changes the meaning of the root word
e.g. -tion

Double negative

Two negatives placed in the same sentence, thereby turning it into a positive
e.g. It can't possibly not rain. \= It will rain.

Exclamative sentence

A sentence which has an expressive function and ends with an exclamation mark
e.g. This is amazing!

Free morpheme

A morpheme that can stand alone as a word
e.g. rose

Future perfect aspect

An inflection of a verb which shows an action that will have been completed at some point in the future and is usually identified with a time expression - shown through the future tense of have + past participle
e.g. I will have read this book before Sunday morning.

Future perfect progressive aspect

An inflection of a verb which shows an action that will be completed at some specified point in the future so is usually identified with a time expression - shown through the future perfect tense of have + been + present participle
e.g. She will have been working on this project for 3 years.

Future progressive aspect

An inflection of a verb which shows the action will be ongoing in the future -shown through the future tense of be + -ing
e.g. They will be listening to music on the plane.

Future simple aspect

An inflection of a verb which shows an action will certainly happen in the future - there are no primary auxiliary verbs
e.g. She will visit home