2.1.2 biological molecules

hydrogen bonding

the strongest form of intermolecular bonding

condensation reaction

a reaction between 2 molecules resulting in the formation of a larger molecule and the release of a water molecule

hydrolysis reaction

the breakdown of a molecule into 2 smaller molecules requiring the addition of a water molecule

carbohydrates (elements)

C,H,O(glycosidic)

lipids (elements)

C,H,O(ester)

proteins (elements)

C,H,O,N,S(peptide)

nucleic acids (elements)

CH,O,N,P(phospholipid)

glucose + glucose

maltose + water

glucose + frutcose

sucrose + water

glucose + galactose

lactose + water

main storage material in plants

starch

main storage material in animals

glycogen

main component in cell walls in plants

cellulose

amylose(glucose,chain,bonds,structure,solublity)

alpha glucose, long unbranched chain, 1,4 glycosidic bonds, coiled strucutre, insoluble

amylopectin(glucose,chain,bonds,structure,solublity)

alph glucose, long branched chain, 1,4,6 glycosidic bonds, side branches, insoluble

glycogen(glucose,chain,bonds,structure,solublity)

alpha glucose, branched chain, 1,4,6 glycosidic bond, side branches, insoluble

cellulose(glucose,chain,bonds,structure,solublity)

beta glucose, long unbranched chain, 1,4 glycosidic bond, microfibrils, insoluble

C6H12O6-OH at bottom

alpha glucose

C6H12O6-OH at top

beta glucose

C5H10O5

ribose

C6H12O6-pentagon shape

frutcose

C6H12O6-hexose

galactose

the water molecules are polar so ions can bind to it

solvent

adhesion-between polar and water molecules

cohesion-the water molecules will stick otgether

transport medium

hydrogen bonds between the water molecules mean that there is a high heat capacity so lots of energy is needed to break the bonds

coolant

the water becomes less dense when frozen so floats, creating an insulating layer

tension allows small insects to live on top

habitat

lactose(glucose,bonds,structure)

beta glucose, beta-glycosidic bond, opposite direction of monomer

maltose(glucose,bonds,structure)

alpha glucose, alpha-glycosidic bonds,same direction of monomer

a liquid composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids

triglyceride

saturated fatty acid number of bonds

0(fat)

monosaturated fatty acid number of bonds

1(oil)

polysaturated fatty acid number of bonds

more than 1 (oil)

modified tryglycerides where one fatty acid has been replaced with a phosphate group

phospholipids

phospholipid head(phosphate+glycerol)

hydrophillic

phospholipid tail(fatty acid)

hydrophobic

complex alcohol molecules with an OH group at one end

sterol

trygylceride purposes

energy store, insulation, buoyancy, protection

phospholipids purposes

cell membranes

cholesterol purposes

fluidity of the membrane, produce steroid-based hormones

2 groups of amino acid structure

amine and carboxyl

amino acid + amino acid

dipeptide + water

the number and order of amino acids

primary strucutre

primary structure bonding

peptide bonds

the shape that the chain of amino acids take(alpha belix/beta pleated)

secondary strucutre

secondary structure bonding

hydrogen bonding

the 3D shape of the protein(globular/fibrous)

tertiary structure

tertiary structure bonding

hydrogen bond, ionic bond, dusulfide bridge, hydrophobic/phillic interaction

multiple polypeptide chain come together

quaternary strucutre

quaternary structure bonding

hydrogen bond, ionic bond, dusulfide bridge, hydrophobic/phillic interaction (Q)

compact,water-soluble, roughly spherical in shape

globular proteins

globular protein example

insulin

globular protein that have non-protein groups attached by a covalent bond

conjugated proteins

conjugated protein example

haemoglobin, catalse

formed from long, insoluble molecules

fibrous proteins

fibrous proteins examples

keratin, elastin, colagen

biuret test (molecules, positive result)

protein, blue to purple

iodine test (molecules, positive result)

starch, yellow to black

emulsion test (molecules, positive result) (ethanol and water)

lipids, white layer

reducing benedict’s test (molecules, positive result) (for non-reducing dilute hydrochloric acid and neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate)

sugars, blue to red

TLC plate or chromatography paper

stationary phase

the solvent for the biological molecules

mobile phase