History Test 2

French:

• Commercial interests

• Colonial settlements organized directly by the Crown

• 90% French Catholic

• Feudal System/Aristocracy 

British:

• Religious interests/flee persecution & commercial 

• More refugees

• Early government intervention inconsistent, less Crown intervention

• Direct forms of local government with elected governor's and legislatures

• More religious diversity, but mostly protestant 

French:

• Commercial interests

• Colonial settlements organized directly by the Crown

• 90% French Catholic

• Feudal System/Aristocracy 

British:

• Religious interests/flee persecution & commercial 

• More refugees

• Early government intervention inconsistent, less Crown intervention

• Direct forms of local government with elected governor's and legislatures

• More religious diversity, but mostly protestant 

What were the differences between the French and British Colonial Governments?

Created 1670

York Factory, Northern Manitoba, established 1684

Merged with Northwest Company 1821

Fur Trade was key to the company. 

Indigenous interconnection; "Country Wives"

Dependence; Swampy Cree

HBC had its own army, navy, minted coins, and military forts

What was the Hudson’s Bay Company?

• 2 French Explorers, Medard Chouart des Groseilliers & Pierre-Esprit Raddison discovered the region. 

• French officials uninterested, so they went to British instead

• 1668 first trading ships

• 1670 Hudson's Bay Company created

• French discovery, British company 

Describe the origins of the Hudson’s Bay Company.

• Renewed alliances with indigenous nations

• French = Economical

• Indigenous = Cultural Exchange 

What did French “gift giving” grant?

• Huron-Petun

• Odawa

• Ojibwa

• Fox

• Winnebago

• Potawatomi

• Wabanaki Confederacy 

• Miami

• Kickapoo

• Sulk

• Illinois

• Mascouten

• Nippissing

What were some of the French-Indigenous Alliances at the Turn of the 18th Century?

• Also known as War of Spanish Succession

• 1702 - 1713

• Importance of North American colonies in global power dynamics

• 1710: British Capture Port Royal, Acadia

What were some key details of Queen Anne's War?

5 Nation Iroquois Confederacy (Haudonausansee):

• Mohawk

• Oneida

• Onondaga

• Cayuga

• Seneca

Extra notes:

• Remained Neutral as per the Great Peace of Montreal

• "Four Kings" Visit to Queen Anne

What were some of the British-Indigenous Alliances in Queen Anne's War?

• 1713

• The end of Queen Anne’s War

• Iroquois Confederacy considered British subjects; not consulted.

• France recognized Hudson's Bay territory as British holding

• British took control of Acadia

  • Want French out. Oath of Allegiance issues. 

• France kept Cape Breton Island

  • Construction began on Louisbourg 

What was the Treaty of Utrecht?

• 1716 = 600 people

• 1740s = 600 soldiers, 2,000 administrators, clerks, innkeepers, artisans, fisherman, and families. 

• Defensive line to Quebec 

What were some details of the Louisbourg Fortress?

• Also known as the War of Austrian Succession

• 1744-1748

• France & Britain use the European conflict to continue battle for power in colonies.

• June 16th, 1745: Britain captures Louisbourg

• BRITISH REALIZE THE POWER THE FRENCH HAVE IN ACADIA

• 1749 Halifax, Nova Scotia founded. 2,544 British immigrants (Scottish) brough to the province

• Acadians becoming outnumbered 

What were some key details of King George's War?

• Officially dated 1756-1763; Really began 1754

• War against France and Britain for imperial control of North America

• Considered first global military conflict

  • West Indies, Asia, India, Africa, Europe, North America

  • In North America, military theatres mainly the Ohio Valley & Quebec 

• British outnumbered French 20:1. French indigenous allies important. 

• Battle of Jumonville

  • May 28th, 1754

  • Begins the War 

  • George Washington's first battle

  • Cultural differences in war; Indigenous allies of Britain kill French captives 

What were some key details of the Seven Year’s War?

• July 1755: Executive Council of Nova Scotia demand Acadian deputies take the Oath of Allegiance. 

• Many Refused. Council took back the offer. Announced the expulsion of Acadians from Nova Scotia. 

• 6,000 Acadian lands, homes, money, cattle, and farming goods confiscated 

• Mass chaos. Families separated. Ships taken to New England, Britain, France, and New Orleans

• 1755-1763: 10,000 Acadians forced to leave Maritimes

What happened around the time of the Expulsion of the Acadians in the Seven Year's War in 1755?

• Britain lays siege to Quebec City. General James Wolfe

• 7,000 men & 200 naval ships

• 15,000 cannon balls bombard the city 

• Lucky British. Gain password to scale to the Plains of Abraham. 

• French forced to a set battle. 

• Both General James Wolfe and Governor Louis-Joseph Montalm die.

• EXTREMELY IMPORTANT IN HISTORY OF CANADA! Fuels Quebecois sentiment to this day. 

What happened during The Battle on the Plains of Abraham, as part of the Seven Year’s War?

• Augustine nurses; Hopital General. Set up mobile aid station. 

• Brought 271 horse drawn carts filled with food and provisions. 

• Elenor Job: British field nurse. On the battlefield. "Good Mother Job." Embalmed General Wolfe on his death. 

What role did women play in the Battle on the Plains of Abraham?

• Ends Seven Year's War 

• France loses all of New France in North America

• British take the land

  • Cape Breton Island, Quebec, and the Great Lakes Basin

• British relations with Indigenous: WASP mentality

• British settlers push into the interior. 

• British immigration on the rise.

• Costly War. Higher taxes in the British colonies. 

• Articles of capitulation

What was the Treaty of Paris (1763)?

• 1763-1766

• Most successful First Nation Resistance to European invasion. 

• Great Lake's Region.

• Indigenous relations strained with British since the fall of New France. Ended gift giving. 

• White settlers pushing into Indigenous Territory

• Odawa Chief Obwandiyag (Pontiac) created confederation of forces: Wyandot, Potawatomi, Odawa, Ojibwe

• Attacked Fort Detroit 

• British won, but had to make concessions to indigenous nations

• 1763 Royal Proclamation 

What were some key details of Pontiac's War?

• 1775-1783

• Seven Year's War created big problems for British colonies:

  • Increased colonial control 

  • Raised funds through colonial administration 

  • Increased taxes

  • British troops brought to North America

• June 1775: Continental Congress created an Army 

• June 1776: Declaration of Independence 

What were some key details of the American Revolutionary War?

• Plantation slavery system in colonial south 

• Revolution offered paths to freedom 

• November 7th, 1775, Earl of Dunmore Proclamation 

• 80,000-100,000 enslaved individuals of African descent escaped slavery 

• Black British regiments 

• At war's end: 3,500 Black Loyalists taken to Nova Scotia and Amherstburg/Sandwich

• White loyalists also brought 2,000 enslaved individuals of African descent. 

What were some British tactics in the Revolution?

• Ended the Revolutionary War

• United States declared a new nation

  • British Canada still a colony 

• Beginning of modern boundaries between US and Canada 

• Article 2d

• 1794 Jay Treaty 

• Evolution of identity between Americans and Canadians 

What was the Treaty of Paris (1783)?

• 1812-1815

• Post-revolution: British and American governments uneasy neighbors

• Detroit River Region: Not much changed, family networks. 

• Unclear reasons for the cause of the war. Official reasons: British limit American trade. British impressment. 

• Ended in a draw. 

• Historians say no policy changes, no boundary changes, but EVERYTHING IN THE DETROIT RIVER REGION CHANGED BECAUSE OF THIS WAR. 

• War brewing in the region before it began

• Fort Amherstburg (Fort Malden) headquarters for the Department of Indian Affairs in the Western District 

• Held gift giving ceremonies

• US suspicious. Thought British were rallying indigenous forces.

• British definitely courting the favor of indigenous nations.

• British "Tree Trunk" Theory. Sir Isacc Brock.

What were some key details of the War of 1812?

• Shawnee Chief Tecumseh & Prophet

• Pan-Indian Movement 1783-1795

• Confederation of indigenous nations; as many as 5,000

• 1811: Chief Tecumseh holds council with British at Fort Amherstburg. Offered an alliance. 

• Indigenous nations promised a Native state in the Ohio country. 

• FIGHTING THE WAR FOR DIFFERENT REASONS

• Tecumseh and Brock's scheme

• Hull Surrender's Fort Detroit August 16th, 1812

• September 10th, 1813: America Brigadier-General William Henry Harrison invaded Amherstburg. Battle of Lake Erie. 

• Marched on Sandwich.

• British Colonel Henry Procter retreated up the River Thames. 

• Battle of the River Thames October 5th, 1813.

• Chief Tecumseh killed 

• Sandwich occupied by Americans until the end of the war. 

What were some MORE key details of War of 1812?

• William Hull, Governor of Michigan territory

• July 12th, 1812: landed in sandwich (modern Walkerville distillery) 

• Marched to Francois Baby House, made his headquarters.

• Worried about supply lines

• Retreated to Fort Detroit August 1812

What were some key details of the Willum Hull's Invasion of the War of 1812?

• Modern Monroe, MI 

• Watershed battle. Cemented Candian, Indigenous, and American identities. 

• January 17th, 1813: Americans win small battle at Frenchtown.

• Get comfy

• January 22nd, 1813: British and Indigenous forces counterattack.

• January 23rd, 1813: Burning of sick houses. Indigenous looting.

• "REMEMBER THE RIVER RAISIN!"

What were some key details of The Battle of the River Raisin/Battle of Frenchtown?

• Slash and burn tactics used by both armies.

• The region is devestated. 

• Tilly Buttrick travel diary 1814: he was "struck by the devestation which had been made by the late war...provisions of all kind very scarce; where once peace and plenty had abounded, poverty and destruction now struck the land."

• Estwick Evans travel diary 1818 Detroit visit: Detroit needed "a system of education, laws, customs, and manners of the territory such as to outweigh the counter influence of those of the British in its neighborhood." 

• Immigration tactics used on both sides of the border as protection 

How were the Detroit River Borderlands forever changed?

• African Canadian militia War of 1812

• "Colored Corps" 

• 1820: British crown gifts African Canadians land in Essex County

• Many Wyandot of Michigan move to the Anderdon Reserve in Essex County.

• Ethnic people loyal to the crown granted land by government. Culturally, not accepted in the British identity. 

• So... Across this century of conflict: who was in and who was out of the Candadian identity? 

How were ethnic communities in Canada affected?

• After War of 1812, economy becomes the focus

• RESOURCE ECONOMY 

• Immigration needed for the economy to grow 

What was British Canada’s primary focus after 1815?

• Canada Act of 1791

• Created Upper and Lower Canada

• Goals of the Canada Act:

  1. Guarantee same rights as British subjects

  2. Colonial assemblies right to levy taxes

  3. Justify separation of Quebec

  4. Strengthen political dependency of the colonies to the motherland 

What was the political structure of Upper and Lower Canada?

a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy. In other words, it seeks to maximize the accumulation of resources within the country and use those resources for one-sided trade.

What is ‘mercantilism’?

• Mercantilism = Economic theory

• Fixed amount of wealth in the world; a country must sell more exports than buy imports. 

• Risk passed to colonial entrepreneurs 

What was the mercantile system of economics?

• Newfoundland Cod major resource until 1815

• Cod 1/3 value of exports by 1831

• History of overfishing; modern reflections 

Describe what fisheries were like in the Maritimes.

• 1820s timber the leading export of British Canadian colonies 

• New Brunswick the leader in export 

• Ship building 

Describe what the export of timber was like.

• Fur trade not as important economically

• “Fur provided the means by which Great Britain retained its claim to sovereignty over much of the northern half of the province.”  

• This was done by the Hudson's Bay Company 

Describe what Canadian fur trade was like in the mid-19th century.

• Increased immigration was necessary to the growth of the resource economy.

• 1815: Upper and Lower Canada exclude American immigration 

• British homeland: overpopulated; Colonies act as a release valve 

• Scottish and Irish immigration

• Four patterns of immigration:

  1. British public Assistance

  2. Settlement by large land companies

  3. Private companies transport immigrants

  4. Leaving it to chance 

Describe what immigration was like from 1815 - the 1830’s.

• Created by Royal Charter 1826

• Bought land from Colonial Government, paid annual loans to the Provincial Government. 

• Founder: John Galt. Founded Guelph 1827

• Credit system of the 1830s

• Loan payments to Provinces lead to grievances. 

What was The Canada Land Company?

• “Women were placed on a pedestal as keepers of culture and as civilizing influences.”

• Women were non-legal entities

• Without women’s labor, there would be no frontier life.  

• The home economy:

  • Food stores, tending subsistence gardens, foraging, canning, candle making, maple-syrup making, child rearing, children’s educator, cooking, preserving meat, cleaning, and assisting in tending farms. 

• Women relegated to the domestic sphere

• Some worked outside the home

• Domestic positions in the economy: 

  • Domestic Servant

  • Laundress

  • School Mistress 

Describe what the domestic economy was like.

• The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833

• The Underground Railroad

• Harriet Tubman; 300 individuals saved

• Andrew the Runaway Slave 

• The Blackburn Riots of 1833

What was society like from 1815 - the 1840’s?

• 1830s: Indigenous administration placed into the hands of “civil authorities” in the colonies of Upper and Lower Canda

• "Civilize and settle"

• New, harmful era of Indigenous policy 

What was society like for Indigenous peoples from 1815 - the 1840s?

• Treaty of Ghent (1814): British and US agree to share the waterways

• 1817: Rush-Bagot Agreement

• Mrs. Hector Scott’s Young Ladies’ Institute in Sandwich, Essex County

  • Girl's school taught: “spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, history, delineations definitions, composition, astronomy, use of globes, natural history, rhetoric, botany, chronology, mythology, natural philosophy, and history.”

Describe key pieces of local history and the economy from 1814 - 1817.

• Lack of Representative Government; no "Responsible Government"

• Family Compact & the Chateau Clique

• Reform movements

• Petition in Support of Reform Upper Canada, 1818

What were some brewing political issues of the 1820s-1830s?

• Radical and moderate reformers

  • Moderates align with British political systems

  • Rebels align with American political systems

• Major reformers in the 1830s: 

  • William Lyon Mackenzie, Upper Canada 

  • Louis-Joseph Papineau, Lower Canada 

  • Joseph Howe, Nova Scotia 

  • William Cooper, Prince Edward Island  

How were reformers vying for power at this time?

• Louis-Joseph Papineau leader of Parti Patriote 

• Lower Canada suffering economic decline 

• Francophone culture threatened 

• 92 Resolutions 1834

• November 23rd, 1837 battle; Papineau flees 

What did the 1837 Rebellion in Lower Canada (Quebec) look like?

• William Lyon Mackenzie leader 

• December 4th, 1837 plan to attack militia of York (Toronto)

• Battle December 5th, 1837 

• Mackenzie flees to United States

• 1838 seize Navy Islands within Lake Ontario and Lake Erie

What did the 1837/1838 Rebellion in Upper Canada (Ontario) look like?

• 1838

• Invasion of American Rebels December 11th, 1838

• Spurred by rebel rhetoric against the tyrannical British government 

• "The Ferry" and Sandwich attacked

• Colonel John Prince 

• Killing order 

• The City of Windsor gets its name 

What were some key details of The Battle of Windsor?

• Lord Durham "Report on the Affairs in British America"

• Two solutions:

  • Responsible Government

  • Unification of Upper and Lower Canada 

• The Act of the Union 1840

  • Created Canada East and Canada West

• Voters = white men who owned property 

• Responsible government created 1848 under Lord Elgin, Governor of Canada 

  • Prince Edward Island; 1851

  • New Brunswick; 1854

  • Newfoundland; 1855 

• 1850s were a messy time for politics

• Ideological views created political parties:

  • The Conservative Party (British Tories)

  • The Reformers

  • The Clear Grits

• 1860s: The Reformers--> The Liberal Conservative Party; Clear Grits--> Liberal party 

What were some key details of road to confederation?

• Canada East (Quebec)- Concerned with Francophone issues and threat of Protestant Anglophones

• Canada West (Ontario)- Pushing Confederation forward; focus on economic goals

• Maritimes- Did not want to join Confederation 

• Major Political Actors in Confederation:

  • John A. Macdonald

  • George Brown

  • George-Etienne Cartier

• Created the Great Coalition in 1864

What did confederation look like for different areas of Canada?

• September 1864

• Meeting to get the Maritimes to agree to Confederation

• Proposed to create a strong central government consolidating all provincial legislatures into one large parliament

• General unity during this conference 

What were some key details of Charlottetown Conference?

• October 1864

• Pivotal meeting in the process of Confederation

• 72 Resolutions; Quebec Resolutions

• Legislative sovereignty

• French Canada and the Maritimes pushed for provincial governments

• PEI and Newfoundland refused to join 

What were some key details of Quebec Conference?

• December 1866

• Canada East, Canada West, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia the original provinces that agreed to Confederation

• 72 Quebec Resolutions reviewed and amended; became the basis of Constitution 

• British North America Act/ Constitution Act of 1867

  • Enacted July 1st

  • Created the Dominion of Canada 

What were some key details of London Conference?

• The Canadian Constitution=Constitutional Conventions

• The Queen of Canada 

  • Head of state

  • Delegates power to Governor General

  • Ceremonial role 

• Parliamentary system

• John A. Macdonald 1st Prime Minister 

• Senate; region not population

  • 24 from Quebec

  • 24 from Ontario

  • 30 Maritimes

  • 24 Western Canada 

What did the structure of the Government of the Dominion of Canada look like?

What did Canada’s parliamentary system look like?

• Parliamentary Resolutions December 1867: Transcontinental expansion

• 1868: Hudson's Bay cedes territory to Canada 

• 1857 Act for the Gradual Civilization of Indian Tribes in the Canadas

• Social Darwinism; "Noble Savage"

What did Indigenous policy look like Post-Confederation?

• 11 treaties signed in the Prairie and Western Provinces between 1871-1929

• Indigenous nations ceded territory to Canada

• Treaty provisions:

  • Farm equipment

  • Medicine

  • Food

Treaties 1 - 7:

• Enacted between 1871-1877 with indigenous groups in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta

• Sought out by the indigenous groups

• 1870: Buffalo herds near extinction 

• Smallpox epidemic 

What were the Numbered Treaties?

• 1878: John A. McDonald back in power as Prime Minister

• Railroads central focus 

• Intensified government action to remove indigenous peoples

• 1882-188 Macdonald government reduced aid to treatied indigenous groups 

• 1882 McDonald ordered the Nakoda and Plains Cree be forcefully removed

What factors contributed to rising tensions in the late 1870’s to the early 1880’s?

• Created to police, monitor, and control indigenous peoples

• "Pass System" 1885-1940

What were The Northwest Mounted Police?

a segregationist policy by the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs (DIA), first initiated on a significant scale in the region that became the three prairie provinces in the wake of the 1885 North-West Rebellion—as part of a series of highly restrictive measures—to confine Indigenous people to Indian reserves—newly-established through the numbered treaties.

What was the Pass System?

• 1876

• Amalgamated all the previous indigenous treaties and made a stauncher legalized system

• Control; not assimilation 

• Defined "Indian"

  • Men versus women

• Granted federal government control over reserve lands

• Federal government controlled indigenous governments on reserves

• Indigenous peoples not citizens

What was the Indian Act?

• "Cultural Genocide"

  • Secluded children from language and culture; purposeful assimilation 

• Origins in the Western Numbered Treaties

• 1883 federal government responsible for education of indigenous children

  • Partnered with Christian organizations 

• Underfunded; children used as laborers 

• Major centers of disease

• Older buildings; no infirmaries

• Large dormitories; poor sanitation

• Lack of funding=low quality food and malnourishment 

• Forced attendance even when Sick 

What were residential schools?

• Although new evidence has recently been uncovered,  it will never properly reflect the numbers. 

• When a child was dying, the residential school would often send the child home to die there with their parents meaning that there would be no record of their death and there will be no body to recover upon the residential school grounds.  

• To date approximately 2,300 unmarked graves of children found on residential school grounds and indigenous hospitals 

Why will never know the actual number of children who died in the residential school system?

• Under Louis Riel 

• 1869-1870 Metis Uprising in Red River region 

• Louis Riel leader October 1869

  • Educated man

• November 1869, Riel and followers took over Fort Garry (former HBC headquarters)

  • Headquarters to form government and policies 

• December 7th, 1869 took 49 prisoners to Fort Garry

• December 8th, 1869, "Declaration of the People"

• Created provisional government; Riel president 

• Thomas Scott 

What was the Metis Resistance Movement?

• Three Metis delegates go to Ottawa

• 1870 Manitoba Act

• Provincial status to a province that encompassed the old Red River settlement

• Manitoba set aside for the Metis 

• May 1870: Federal government sends "peaceful military expedition"

• Riel and his associates forced to flee 

What was the Manitoba Act?

• By 1885: white settlers had flooded into Manitoba outnumbering the Metis five to one

• Riel settled in Montana; American citizen1884 Metis delegation from Saskatchewan urged him to fight; he agreed

• •March 1885: Gabriel Dumont, military leader, faced off against NWMP

• Canadian force of 800 men arrived and defeated Riel and arrested

• Charged with high treason; faced death penalty

• Found guilty; jury urged for mercy

• Canadian government ignored this. Louis Riel hanged in Regina on November 16th, 1885

What was the 1885 Northwest Resistance?

• Changing class structure

  • Business class and working class born from industrialization

  • Stronger middle class

• Mostly stratified by gender and ethnicity 

  • Women, Indigenous people, individuals of Asian Descent and African Canadians outside of social class structure 

• Chinese immigration 

• Immigration Act of 1869 

• Political allegiances were not as important to Canadian individuals as was family, religion, and fraternal commitments 

• Catholic Church in Quebec

• Ontario Protestantism 

Describe society, religion, and regional differences from this time.

This issue continues to plague Canadian politics today

Federal system that acknowledges the rights of provinces and allows provincial legislatures to continue to exist

Process of identity negotiated through politics, culture, art, and education

Describe the issue of Regional vs National identity.