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The exact questions and answers that were on my Unit 1 and 2 exam for AP World History. The correct answers are based off of the key our teacher provided us with. This may be incorrect. I will update as needed.
The disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate most directly led to which of the following political developments in the Islamic world in the thirteenth century?
A. The Russian conquest of Central Asia
B. The rise of Turkic states
C. The conversion of most of the Islamic world to Shi’a Islam
D. The collapse of trade along the Silk Road networks
B. The rise of Turkic states
Despite the disintegration of the Abbasid Caliphate, Islam continued to spread across Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200-1450 primarily because of which of the following?
A. The conquest of Christian Crusader States in the Levant
B. The activities of Sufi missionaries
c. The voyages of the Muslim eunuch Zheng He
D. The translation activities of Muslim scholars
B. The activities of Sufi missionaries
The combination between religious and political aspects in the Abbasid state’s concept of governance is best reflected in which of the following?
A. The Abbasid state had an influential Sunni religious class that often came into conflict with the state.
B. The Abbasid state often allowed local rulers considerable autonomy.
C. The Abbasid state patronized the construction of religious buildings such as mosques.
D. The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state’s supreme religious and political leader.
D. The Abbasid state was headed by a caliph who was both the state’s supreme religious and political leader.
Which of the following was a continuity in the development of African states in the period circa 1200-1450?
A. African states such as Ethiopia maintained close contacts with South and East Asian states across the Indian Ocean but rarely had contact with Europe.
B. Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.
C. Most African states rejected traditional forms of international diplomacy, such as dynastic marriages and tribute payments.
D. African states needed to maintain friendly diplomatic relations with Europe in order to expand their empires.
B. Despite geographical barriers, some African states were able to maintain diplomatic and cultural contacts with the broader Afro-Eurasian world.
Which of the following continuities in the development of African states in the period circa 1200-1450 most likely explains the prevalence of Christianity in Ethiopia?
A. Some African states’ religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.
B. Some African states were famous for their religious toleration and for allowing multiple religious traditions to coexist in their territories.
C. African states’ official religions were typically syncretic mixtures of several different religious traditions.
D. While African populations mostly continued to adhere to indigenous polytheistic religions, African political elites often adopted monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam.
A. Some African states’ religious traditions continued to be influenced by cultural transfers dating back to earlier centuries.
Which of the following was a key similarity in the policies of the rulers of African states such as Ethiopia in the period circa 1200-1450?
A. They granted their subjects unrestricted freedom of speech
B. They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimancy.
C. they faced challenges to their power from powerful merchant elites.
D. They sought to achieve economic self-sufficiency by restricting trade contacts with other societies.
B. They used religion and laws to bolster their legitimancy.
All of the following developments in Song dynasty China were important factors in the accumulation of wealth that is outlined in the first paragraph EXCEPT…
A. increased Chinese involvement in the Indian Ocean Trade
B. an increase in agricultural production in China
C. increased Chinese production of manufactured goods
D. an increase in technological innovations in China
C. increased Chinese production of manufactured goods
Which of the following statements from the second paragraph most directly supports the claim that the examination system strengthened the Chinese states?
A. The statement that most successful candidates “required a measure of economic support that was simply not available to poor people”
B. The statement that “when an old dynasty was replaced by a new, the latter usually undertook an early revival of the examination system practically unchanged”
C. The statement that “the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful applicants who opposed the system”
D. The statement that “the very idea that everyone should be eligible for the examinations…was incomparably forward-looking in its day”
C. The statement that “the examinations not only produced officials loyal to the state but also, at times, resentful applicants who opposed the system”
Which of the following best describes the author’s claim about the Chinese examination system in the second paragraph?
A. The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society
B. The system strongly reinforced rigid class distinctions between nobles and commoners in Chinese society
C. By offering opportunities to female scholars, the system elevated the prestige of women in Chinese society
D. By encouraging conformism and obedience, the system prevented efforts to reform and modernize Chinese society in the nineteenth century
A. The system provided limited but important opportunities for social advancement in Chinese society
Which of the following made possible the Chinese cultivation of the staple crops described in the passage?
A. The creation of new forms of governance in China during the Song dynasty
B. The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia
C. The diffusion of Buddhism into China
D. The creation of diasporic trade communities along the Silk Road
B. The intensification of regional trade networks in East and South Asia
"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures.
Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!"
Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e.
*a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism
Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph of the inscription?
A. King Adityawarman was a bodhisattva
B. King Adityawarman was a Buddhist teacher
C. Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone
D. Statues of Buddhist teachers were revered by rulers and common people
C. Statues of Buddhist divine figures could spiritually benefit everyone.
The claim in the second paragraph that the king has become "free from all physical desire" can best be understood to mean that…
A. Southeast Asian states’ ruling elites were very wealthy
B. In Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virute
C. Buddhist monks and nuns in Southeast Asian societies were required to maintain an ascetic (self-discipline) lifestyle
D. Hindus believed that members of each caste had different rights and responsibilities
B. In Vedic religions, rejecting worldly concerns in order to attain spiritual perfection was considered a virtue.
"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures.
Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the sciences, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!"
Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 c.e.
*a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism
Which of the following is an argument in the second paragraph of the inscription regarding King Adityawarman...
A. His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful and legitimate ruler.
B. His attention to the welfare of all of his subjects made him a caring and legitimate ruler
C. His conquest of all of the surrounding kingdoms in Indonesia made his a legitimate ruler
D. His knowledge of science and ships in an island kingdom made him an effective and legitimate ruler
A. His spiritual attributes and worldly achievements made him a powerful and legitimate ruler.
Which of the following demonstrates the assimilation of nomadic conquerors into conquered societies during the period circa 1250-1450?
A. The rulers of the Mali Empire converting to Islam through the influence of North African merchants and missionaries
B. The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule
C. Trading states in Southeast Asia such as the Khmer and Srivijaya empires adopting syncretic Hindu-Buddhist practices
D. Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans expanding their output because of a rising demand for luxury goods in Afro-Eurasia
B. The rulers of the Yuan dynasty adopting Chinese court culture and methods of rule
Which of the following developments in the period circa 1250-1450 represents a situation that did not lead to conquerors assimilating into the cultures of the conquered societies?
A. Invading armies establishing and maintaining a separate community, as illustrated by the European crusader kingdoms in the Middle East
B. Merchants establishing diasporic communities and introducing their own traditions into the indigenous cultures, as illustrated by South Asian Muslim merchants spreading Islam to the islands of Southeast Asia
D. Conquering states fragmenting into several units because of political and social friction, as illustrated by the breakup of the Mongol Empire into individual khanates
C. Settled societies successfully resisting nomadic encroachments, as illustrated by the Mamluks of Egypt defeating the Mongols or Muscovy expelling the Golden Horde from Russia
The Mongol conquests resulted in all of the following developments EXCEPT
A. a revival of trade on the overland Silk Roads
B. transfers of scientific and technological knowledge
C. the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia
D. the spread of pathogens across Eurasia, including the bubonic plague
C. the initial diffusion of Buddhism and Christianity to East Asia
The “long stays in harbors” mentioned in the description of the sea journeys in the first paragraph were most likely necessary because Indian Ocean maritime trade in the period circa 1200-1450
A. increased significantly in volume, creating bottlenecks in key ports
B. required the approval of Muslim religious authorities to make sure it was carried out in accordance with Islamic principles
C. had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons
D. could only be carried out if ships stayed close to shore through the entire journey from Egypt to India
C. had to take into account environmental factors such as the timing and direction of the monsoons
“[Between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries] . . . Muslim maritime traders from Egypt sought goods coming from China and Southeast Asia [and] purchased these items on India’s southwestern coast. . . . Sea voyages between Egypt and India were still dangerous and still involved long voyages, as well as long stays in harbors where they waited, sometimes for several months, for the winds to shift direction. . . .
To protect themselves, Muslim merchants organized karim, convoyed merchant fleets. The rulers of Egypt began providing an armed escort for the fleets and succeeded in making the trade between the Red Sea and India a government-protected, regularly accomplished endeavor.
The karim merchants were organized in large family firms with substantial assets and clients in markets all over the trading networks. In the Indian Ocean trade, Muslim traders not only dealt with other Muslims, but also Hindus, Zoroastrians, Christians, and Jews. Traders of various religious backgrounds boarded the same ships or stayed in the same caravanserai. In Egypt, many Jewish traders actually operated their businesses within the framework of Muslim business networks.”
Xinru Liu and Lynda Norene Shaffer, historians, Connections across Eurasia, published in 2007
Based on the pattern of trade described in the third paragraph, the Egyptian karim merchants were most likely directly involved in which of the following broader developments in the Indian Ocean in the period circa 1200-1450?
A. The establishment of diasporic (group of people away from homeland) merchant communities
B. the transfer of European scientific knowledge to South Asia
C. The creation of new monotheistic religions
D. The introduction of new financial innovations such as paper money
A. The establishment of diasporic (group of people away from homeland) merchant communities
The pattern of trade described in the passage (Indian Ocean Trade) was most characteristic of which of the following types of goods in the period 1200-1450?
A. Daily food staples such as bread or milk
B. Bulk commodities such as grain or coal
C. Luxury goods such as spices of porcelain
D. Livestock such as pigs or cattle
C. Luxury goods such as spices of porcelain
The integration of West African states into wider regional and transregional economic networks in the period circa 1200-1450 was carried out mostly via the
A. Swahili coast trade routes
B. Silk Road trade networks
C. trans-Saharan trade routes
D. Indian Ocean trade routes
C. trans-Saharan trade routes
The spread of Islam into sub-Saharan West Africa in the period circa 1200-1450 was mostly a result of the conversion of the rulers of which of the following states?
A. Mamluk Egypt
B. The Mongol khanates
C. The Ming dynasty
D. The Mali Empire
D. The Mali Empire
In the period circa 1200-1450, which of the following most directly enabled merchants to bring salt and other bulk products to markets in sub-Saharan Africa?
A. the diffusion of new maritime technologies such as the lateen sail
B. the adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles
C. The transfer of East Asian technologies to western Afro-Eurasia during the period of PAX Mongolica
D. The shared use of the Arabic language and common practice of Islam by both North African and sub-Saharan merchant communities
B. the adoption of innovative practices in overland trading, such as the use of camel caravans and saddles
On several occasions, Ghazan Khan went to the observatory at Maragha* and watched the Muslim, Christian, and Chinese astronomers make their observations. He looked at all the operations and instruments, studied them, and asked about their procedures, which he understood in spite of their difficulty. He also ordered the construction of a dome in order to investigate the Sun's motion and he spoke out with his astronomers about it. All of them said that although they had never seen such an instrument, it was reasonable and sensible. He gave orders for the construction of an observatory next to his tomb in Tabriz in Persia. He explained how to construct the observatory with such clarity that local wise men marveled at his intelligence, because such work had not been done in any era. Those wise men said that constructing the observatory would be extremely difficult. He guided them, whereupon they commenced building it and they finished it following his instructions. Those wise men and all the engineers agreed that nobody had done such a thing before nor had imagined doing it." ruler of the Mongol Ilkhanate, whose territories included most of the Muslim Middle East; reigned 1295-1304 *an astronomical observatory in present-day Azerbaijan, established by a grant from the first Ilkhanid ruler in the mid-thirteenth century Rashid al-Din Hamdani, Persian Muslim historian and government minister in Ghazan Khan's court, excerpt from a universal history commissioned by Ghazan Khan, completed circa 1316
Which of the following best describes the author’s purpose in the passage?
A. To provide detailed descriptions of the instruments used at the Maragha and Tabriz observatories
B. To evaluate the important of the astronomical discoveries made by Ilkhanid scientists
C. To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence
D. To criticize Ghazan for his vanity and remind him to focus on religious and spiritual pursuits
C. To portray his patron as a generous supporter of the sciences and a man of unusual intelligence
Which of the following best describes the historical situation in Eurasia at the time the passage was written (mid-1200s to 1316)?
A. Frequent warfare limited the opportunities for cultural, scientific, and artistic innovation
B. Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions
C. Revived long-distance trade spread pathogens and infections to regions that had not been previously affected by them
D. The invention and spread of new weapons and military tactics radically transformed the global balance of power
B. Political upheaval and reorganization increased cultural and scientific exchanges across regions
On several occasions, Ghazan Khan went to the observatory at Maragha* and watched the Muslim, Christian, and Chinese astronomers make their observations. He looked at all the operations and instruments, studied them, and asked about their procedures, which he understood in spite of their difficulty. He also ordered the construction of a dome in order to investigate the Sun's motion and he spoke out with his astronomers about it. All of them said that although they had never seen such an instrument, it was reasonable and sensible. He gave orders for the construction of an observatory next to his tomb in Tabriz in Persia. He explained how to construct the observatory with such clarity that local wise men marveled at his intelligence, because such work had not been done in any era. Those wise men said that constructing the observatory would be extremely difficult. He guided them, whereupon they commenced building it and they finished it following his instructions. Those wise men and all the engineers agreed that nobody had done such a thing before nor had imagined doing it." ruler of the Mongol Ilkhanate, whose territories included most of the Muslim Middle East; reigned 1295-1304 *an astronomical observatory in present-day Azerbaijan, established by a grant from the first Ilkhanid ruler in the mid-thirteenth century Rashid al-Din Hamdani, Persian Muslim historian and government minister in Ghazan Khan's court, excerpt from a universal history commissioned by Ghazan Khan, completed circa 1316
Which of the following best describes the historical circumstances of Rashid al-Din’s career?
A. His career illustrates the destructive impact of the Mongol conquests on many established urban centers
B. His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests
C. His career illustrates the Mongols’ success in preserving their nomadic and tribal culture despite the growing diversity of their subjects
D. His career illustrates the importance of traveler accounts written by foreign visitors to the Mongol court
B. His career illustrates the possibilities for diffusion and intermingling of cultures brought about by the Mongol conquests
Based on the information in the table, the Black Death outbreak of the bubonic plague struck Essex County in which of the following periods?
Year 1320 1350 1400
Great Waltham 260 120 156
Hatfield Broadoak 500 325 200
High Easter 260 120 140
Total 1020 565 496
A. Before 1320
B. Between 1320 and 1350
C. Between 1350 and 1400
D. After 1400
B. Between 1320 and 1350
A comparison between the date for the three manors shown in the table best illustrates which of the following about the bubonic plague?
Year 1320 1350 1400
Great Waltham 260 120 156
Hatfield Broadoak 500 325 200
High Easter 260 120 140
Total 1020 565 496
A. It was equally devastating across all areas of western Europe
B. It had virtually no effect of the populations of some regions on England
C. In some but not all areas, the population was beginning to recover by 1400
D. In most areas, the population reverted to pre-1320 levels by 1400
A. It was equally devastating across all areas of western Europe
Which of the following best describes the change in the total population of males age 12 and older in the three manors (data group) shown in the table from 1320 to 1400?
Year 1320 1350 1400
Great Waltham 260 120 156
Hatfield Broadoak 500 325 200
High Easter 260 120 140
Total 1020 565 496
A. It declined to less than a quarter of its 1320 level (over 75% decline)
B. It increased to more than double its 1320 level (over 50% increase)
C. it declined to less than a half of its 130 level (over 50% decline)
D. It stayed virtually unchanged compared to its 130 level
C. it declined to less than a half of its 130 level (over 50% decline)
