Psy 438 Exam 1 Terms

disorder

what is a syndrome with a clear coherent pattern reflecting a larger condition without a known etiology?

disease

what is a disorder with a known etiology?

syndrome

what is a pattern of regularly co-occuring sx with a reference to an origin

clinical attitude

desire to combine broad research with individual assessment

scientific attitude

desire to apply scientific approaches to understanding psychological distress

counseling psychology

psychological human service specialty whose practitioners offer psychotherapy, career counseling, or others related to life changes/developmental problems align with adjustment

school psychology

psych human service focused on testing cognitive abilities of children and adolescent, diagnose academic problems, and set up programs to improve achievement

social work

human service focused on using various psychotherapy techniques but also on how social and situational variables effect clients

psychiatry

medical specialty that provides psychotherapy as well as medical

assessment

process of collecting info about peoples behaviors, problems, characteristics, abilities, intellectual functioning, etc to come to a conclusion

treatment

interventions designed to help people better understand and solve distressing psychological problems

most common

anxiety, impulse control, mood, and substance use disorders are all the ______ _________ disorders

evidence based practice

using the most up to date research, client culture and values, and clinician expertise/experience to make decisions

scientist practitioner model

form of clinical psych training that includes a phd from a university and emphasizes clinical research over practice

practitioner scholar model

training that results in a psyd and focuses on prep for services over research

eclecticism

scientifically applying aspects from different schools

mental health parity

legal requirement that health insurance covers tx for psych disorders to the same extent as physical disorders

medical

model based in assumption that psychopathology is caused by problems in the biological system

psychodynamic

this theory emphasizes the unconscious mental processes in explaining thoughts, feelings, and behavior

humanistic

this theory thinks behavior is controlled by the decisions people make about their lives based on the perception of the world

self actualization

this aspect of then humanistic theory discusses realizing/reaching one’s own full potential

phenomenology

behavior is based on world perception and experiences

behavioralism

this theory is the assumption that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned in life, especially in consideration of reinforcements and punishments

Little Albert

this experiment done by Watson involved conditioning a little boy to be fair of rats/white fuzzy animals

Little Peter

Here Mary Jones revirsed Watsons little Albert experiment to create something similar to exposure therapy

cognitive

this theory focuses on attempts to alter the clients maladaptive self-statements, expectations, assumptions, and other mental processes

CBT

this approach focuses on learning as a main influence on behavior and the thoughts that accompany it, its tx seek to change behavior and cognition

biological

this approach believes that behavior and mental processes are significantly shaped by biological processes like hormones, the brain, genes, ect.

biopsychosocial

this model links biological, psychological, and social aspect

diathesis stress

this model says that psychopathology stems from biological preconditions and hitting certain levels of stress thresholds

hierarchical taxonomy of psychopatholoy

this alternative to the dsm diagnostic criteria focuses of psychological disorders just being extreme versions of normal traits found in everyone

clinical assessment

the collection and synthesis of info to reach a clinical judgement about people and their problems

referral question

this first step of the assessment process involves clarifying the problem that has led to the client to go to therapy and is crafted by the stakeholders into this:

collecting data

in this second step of the assessment process tests, interviews, and observations are all conducted around the referral question to lead to the conclusion

decision making

this final part of the assessment process involves taking the data to answer the question and communicating results to the stakeholders

goals

accurate dx, causal research, and efficient communication are all ______ of the clinical assessment process

research domain criteria

this alternative to the dsm focuses on disorders as problems of brain circuitry

descriptive

this type of assessment goes past diagnosis to provide more info and proposed alternatives

prognosis

this is the prediction of the outcome of the tx and generally predicts the sx changed w/out tx

true positive

correctly labeled

false negative

incorrectly unlabeled

false positive

incorrectly labeled

content

this type of validity looks at how well an assessments captures the relative dimensions of a construct

criterion

this type of validity looks at assessment results correlation with important outcomes

predictive

this type of validity looks at how well results forecast future events

concurrent

this type of validity looks at assessment results similarity to other assessments measuring the same construct

discriminant

this type of validity is achieved when results are unrelated to unrelated constructs

standardization

the process of administering a test or assessment to samples of people who are large and diverse enough to establish clinical norms

bandwidth-fidelity

this dilemma is the fact that in clinical assessment, the more detailed an exploration is, the fewer topics can be addressed and the more topics that are explored the less detailed it will be

heuristics

these are mental shortcuts or rules of thumb people use to help them make judgements and decisions

incremental

this type of validity is the ability of an assessment report to add something important to what is already known about a client

overgenerality

this is when common assessment reports have wording that is so ambiguous it can be applicable to anyone

intake

this type of interview is a procedure to establish the nature of the clinical problems and typically describes problems in diagnostic terms

problem referral

this type of interview is designed to answer a specific referral question

orientation

this type of interview is designed to acquaint clients with upcoming assessments, tx, or research procedures and sets the expectations and vibes

nondirective

this interview structure goes off clients narrative and is open ended

semistructured

this interview structure gives interviewers flexibility with wording, interpreting, and guiding next decisions

structured

this interview structure has specific questions phrased in standardized fashions with specific rules

1

this stage of an interview involves going over that referral and intake info and building a repro

frame setting

this is done in the first interview stage and involves setting up the norms and expectations for the interview, consultation or therapy

2

this stage of interviewing involves the meat of the interview and data collection

3

this stage of the interview signals the end and leaves the client room to ask questions

gold

this standard is the external criteria set as a standard

calibrating

this is the process of practicing applying observational assessments to videos of certain behaviors before real world collection

test

this type of psychological assessment is a systematic procedure for observing and describing a persons behavior in a standard situation

analytic

this test construction approach is one in which items are chosen because they appear on logical ground to measure the characteristic of interest to the tester

empirical

this test construction approach is one in which the items are chosen on the basis of whether people who differ in some way respond differently to them

sequential system

this test construction approach combines aspects of analytic and empirical approaches

ipsative

this type of measure compares your score with your past scores

acquiescent

this type of response style involves the client agreeing with any self descriptive test item

malingering

in this a client gives false answer to create a false perception of being sicker or healthier than they are

general

this idea of intelligence involves intelligence being a general ability and is based on cognitive tests in different fields being correlated

multiple specific

this model of intelligence says that general intelligence is made up of multiple types such as verbal, math, spatial, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic

hierarchical

this model of intelligence recognizes general intel’s positive correlation but also that intelligence can be made up of many different groups

personality

pattern of behavioral and psychological characteristics by which a person can be compared and contrasted to others with

ocean

neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness all make up this measure of personality

dynamism

this view on culture says that it comes from adult personalities, what they think is important, and relevant/common values. this can lead to cultural reproduction

empirically supported treatments

this treatment method involves using the best available research without taking the clients culture or values into account

fidelity

this is the faithfulness to the tx protocol

interpretation

the systematic weighting of collected evidence and diagnostic decisions/performance conclusion is what part of decision making?

exemplar

this type of bias involves gathering and remembering many new examples to match new cases and has difficulty with the core issue

prototype

this type of bias involves identifying features that make a case more typical of a category and has difficulty with outliers

stakeholders

people who form the referral question and are impacted by the decision/tx

case conceptualization

this is a clinicians theory on whats happening that ties together all the assessment content, represents the client and their difficulties, is a basis for systematic tx plan, and is revised as new data is discovered