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Định nghĩa Monopoly
a firm that is the sole seller in its market and has market power
Khi nào Monopoly araises
a single firm owns a key resource
the government gives a firm the exclusive right to produce a good
a single firm can supply the entire market at a lower cost than many firms could
Tại sao Monopoly araises
3 barriers to entry:
Monopoly resources
Govt. Regulation
The production process
Monopoly resources
a single firm owns a key resource
Govt. regulation
the govt. gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce the goods
The production process
natural monopoly: a single firm can produce the entire market Q at lower cost than could several firms (economics of scale)
Tại sao firm trong monopoly market phải faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product.
vì firm muốn bán thêm thì phải giảm giá tức là P>MR (phải giảm giá cho tất cả sản phẩm nếu muốn kích thích người mua)
Mối quan hệ giữa P và AR
P=AR
2 effects on Revenue khi Q tăng
output effect: bán thêm 1 unit thì thu thêm giá mới P
price effect: bán thêm 1 unit thì phải giảm giá và giá giảm sẽ áp dụng cho tất cả unit đã bán trước đó
Marginal Revenue trong Monopoly
MR<P (always below the price)
MR=Output-price (effect)
sẽ negative if price>output effect
A monopoly firm maximizes profit by
producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost: P>MR=MC=>Profit reaches max
Khi nào xảy ra DWL trong monopoly
A monopolist’s profit-maximizing level of output is below the level that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus tức là monopolist sản xuất ít hơn mức xã hội mong muốn
Làm thế nào để đạt được profit maximization
producing the quantity when P>MR>MC
set highest price consumers are willing to pay for that quantity
it finds this price from the D curve
Profit =
(Price-ATC).Q
Revenue đạt max khi
MR=TR’=0
Tại sao monopoly không có S curve
vì nó là price maker
Q không phụ thuộc vào giá
Q và P được quyết định bởi MC, MR và D curve
Markup là gì
mức độ firm đội giá lên so với MC
Price discrimination
sell same goods at different prices to different buyers
a firm can increases profit by charging a higher price to buyers with higher willingness to pay
requires the ability to separate customers according to their willingness to pay
can raise economic welfare
Perfect price discrimination (first degree price discrimination)
charge each customer a different price exactly his or her willingness to pay=>no DWL
2nd degree of price discrimination
by quantity
3rd degree of price discrimination
chia theo đặc điểm từng nhóm người với điều kiện không được bán lại
Policymakers can respond to the inefficiency of monopoly behavior in four ways
Use antitrust laws to try to make the industry more competitive
Regulate the prices that the monopoly charges
Turn the monopolist into a government-run enterprise
Can do nothing at all