Chap 15: Monopoly

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22 Terms

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Định nghĩa Monopoly

a firm that is the sole seller in its market and has market power

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Khi nào Monopoly araises

  • a single firm owns a key resource

  • the government gives a firm the exclusive right to produce a good

  • a single firm can supply the entire market at a lower cost than many firms could

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Tại sao Monopoly araises

3 barriers to entry:

  • Monopoly resources

  • Govt. Regulation

  • The production process

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Monopoly resources

a single firm owns a key resource

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Govt. regulation

the govt. gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce the goods

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The production process

natural monopoly: a single firm can produce the entire market Q at lower cost than could several firms (economics of scale)

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Tại sao firm trong monopoly market phải faces a downward-sloping demand curve for its product. 

vì firm muốn bán thêm thì phải giảm giá tức là P>MR (phải giảm giá cho tất cả sản phẩm nếu muốn kích thích người mua)

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Mối quan hệ giữa P và AR

P=AR

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2 effects on Revenue khi Q tăng

  • output effect: bán thêm 1 unit thì thu thêm giá mới P

  • price effect: bán thêm 1 unit thì phải giảm giá và giá giảm sẽ áp dụng cho tất cả unit đã bán trước đó

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Marginal Revenue trong Monopoly

  • MR<P (always below the price)

  • MR=Output-price (effect)

  • sẽ negative if price>output effect

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A monopoly firm maximizes profit by

producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost: P>MR=MC=>Profit reaches max

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Khi nào xảy ra DWL trong monopoly

A monopolist’s profit-maximizing level of output is below the level that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus tức là monopolist sản xuất ít hơn mức xã hội mong muốn

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Làm thế nào để đạt được profit maximization

  • producing the quantity when P>MR>MC

  • set highest price consumers are willing to pay for that quantity

  • it finds this price from the D curve

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Profit =

(Price-ATC).Q

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Revenue đạt max khi

MR=TR’=0

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Tại sao monopoly không có S curve

  • vì nó là price maker

  • Q không phụ thuộc vào giá

  • Q và P được quyết định bởi MC, MR và D curve

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Markup là gì

mức độ firm đội giá lên so với MC

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Price discrimination

  • sell same goods at different prices to different buyers

  • a firm can increases profit by charging a higher price to buyers with higher willingness to pay

  • requires the ability to separate customers according to their willingness to pay

  • can raise economic welfare

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Perfect price discrimination (first degree price discrimination)

charge each customer a different price exactly his or her willingness to pay=>no DWL

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2nd degree of price discrimination

by quantity

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3rd degree of price discrimination

chia theo đặc điểm từng nhóm người với điều kiện không được bán lại

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Policymakers can respond to the inefficiency of monopoly behavior in four ways

  • Use antitrust laws to try to make the industry more competitive 

  • Regulate the prices that the monopoly charges 

  • Turn the monopolist into a government-run enterprise 

  • Can do nothing at all