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What are the two condensed states of matter?
Liquids and solids.
What forces hold molecules together in liquids and solids?
Attractive forces.
Are molecules in condensed states closer or farther apart compared to gases?
Closer together.
What is the density of gases compared to liquids and solids?
Lower.
What is the compressibility of solids?
Virtually incompressible.
What happens to the motion of molecules in solids?
They vibrate about fixed positions.
Intermolecular forces are attractive forces between which entities?
Molecules.
Intramolecular forces are attractive forces within what?
Molecules (chemical bonds).
How do intermolecular forces compare to intramolecular forces in strength?
Intermolecular forces are generally much weaker.
What do boiling and melting points depend on?
The strength of intermolecular forces.
What type of force exists between Na+ and Cl- ions?
Ion-Ion Force.
What is an example of an ion-dipole force?
Sodium ion and water molecule.
How does partial charge relate to dipole-dipole forces?
Partial positive end aligns with partial negative end.
What type of strong attractive force involves hydrogen and highly electronegative atoms?
Hydrogen Bond.
What are dispersion forces also known as?
London forces.
What types of substances primarily experience dispersion forces?
Non-polar substances.
What is the main factor affecting the strength of dispersion forces?
The number of electrons in the atoms.
As the molar mass of a substance increases, what happens to the dispersion force?
It increases.
What overall effect do intermolecular forces have on boiling point and melting point?
They increase both as strength increases.
What type of intermolecular force is present in H2?
Dispersion forces.
Which compound has a higher boiling point: NH3 or CH4?
NH3, because it has hydrogen bonding.
What is cohesion in liquids?
Attractive forces between like molecules.
What is adhesion in the context of liquid behavior?
Attractive forces between unlike molecules.
What phenomenon allows blood to flow smoothly through blood bank plastic containers?
Cohesion being stronger than adhesion.
What is viscosity?
Resistance to flow.
What is surface tension due to?
The intermolecular attractive forces at the surface of a liquid.
What happens to viscosity as temperature increases?
Viscosity decreases.
How does water's unique structure affect its density as a solid?
Ice is less dense than liquid water due to a 3-D structure with large spaces.
How does the boiling point of a substance relate to external pressure?
It increases with external pressure.
What is the critical temperature of a substance?
The temperature above which a substance cannot be liquefied.
What happens during the process of evaporation in terms of energy?
It is an endothermic process.
Define freezing point in terms of phases.
The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases coexist at equilibrium.
What process describes the transformation of a solid directly to gas?
Sublimation.
What is the primary attribute of a saturated solution?
It has solute and solvent in dynamic equilibrium.
In the context of solubility, what does Henry's Law state?
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of that gas.
What are electrolytes?
Compounds that conduct electricity when dissolved in water.
What do colligative properties depend on?
The number of solute particles in solution.
What happens to vapor pressure when a solute is added to a solvent?
The vapor pressure decreases.
Which type of force is present in water that is responsible for its properties?
Hydrogen bonding.
What is the molarity (M) of a solution?
The concentration expressed in moles of solute per liter of solution.
How is normality (N) defined in terms of solutions?
It is the number of equivalents of solute per liter of solution.
What factors affect the solubility of gases in liquids?
Temperature and pressure.
The process of clustering solvent molecules around a solute is known as what?
Solvation.
What is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances called?
Solution.
What term describes the amount of substance that can be dissolved in a specified amount of solvent?
Solubility.
What physical state is a solute present in while dissolving?
That can be gas, liquid, or solid.
What characteristics define crystalline solids?
Particles arranged in an orderly repeating structural pattern.
What type of crystalline solid has high melting points and do not conduct electricity in solid form?
Ionic solids.
What bonds are present in covalent crystals?
Covalent bonds.
How does the structure of metallic crystals affect their conductivity?
Delocalized electrons allow them to conduct electricity.
What is the main factor in determining the boiling point of a solution?
The number of dissolved particles.
What happens to boiling point when a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent?
The boiling point increases.
At what temperature does water have maximum density?
4 degrees Celsius.
What type of forces does a substance experience while in a state of rapid temperature change?
Thermal expansion effects.
What happens to a solid solute's solubility in water as temperature increases?
It generally increases.
What phenomenon occurs when a skater glides over ice?
Pressure lowers the melting point of ice.
What is the result of an increase in total vapor pressure in an environment?
Greater potential for liquid to evaporate.
Which component of solutions does the solute represent?
The substance that is present in smaller amounts.
What characteristic of a liquid may enable capillary action?
Adhesion to the surfaces of a small container.
In what situation would you expect an ionic solid to be soluble in a liquid?
When the solvent is polar and the ionic solid is charged.
What is the primary factor determining whether two substances will be miscible?
Polarity.
What causes the bends in divers?
Nitrogen coming out of solution due to rapid pressure change.
What does a phase diagram summarize?
The conditions under which a substance exists as solid, liquid, or gas.
How does the concentration of dissolved gas change as pressure increases?
It increases.
Describe the relation of boiling point elevation related to molality and the van't Hoff factor.
ΔT = i · Kb · m.
When do colligative properties become significant?
When non-volatile solutes are added to solvents.
What type of solute dissolves in polar solvents?
Ionic and polar solutes.
What process can describe the change of state from gas to solid?
Deposition.
How does a pressure cooker work?
It raises the boiling point of water by increasing pressure.
What happens to the boiling point of water as you ascend in altitude?
It decreases.
What is the relationship between solubility and temperature for gases?
As temperature increases, solubility decreases.
How is solvation related to hydration?
Solvation refers specifically to water as the solvent.
What is the term for the amount of heat needed to vaporize a substance?
Latent heat of vaporization.
What is one key property that increases when solute is added to a solvent?
Boiling point.
What is the term for a liquid that contains more dissolved material than it can normally hold?
Supersaturated solution.
What occurs during osmosis?
Water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
How does temperature generally affect the kinetic energy of molecules in a liquid?
Increased temperature raises kinetic energy.
What physical phenomenon does not occur in solids at room temperature?
Free movement of particles.
What property allows water to form droplets on a waxed surface?
High surface tension.
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