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What is Bradykinesia?

Low movement.

What does a cerebrovascular accident refer to?

A stroke; interruption in blood supply to the brain.

What is Dysarthria?

Difficulty forming words associated with poor muscular control due to damage to the central or peripheral nervous system.

What does Dysphasia mean?

Difficulty expressing or comprehending verbal or written language due to brain lesion or injury.

What is Hemiparesis?

Weakness on one side of the body.

What does Hemiplegia refer to?

Paralysis on one side of the body.

What is Hemianopsia?

Decreased vision or blindness in half of one eye or the same half of both eyes.

What is Parkinson

s disease characterized by?

Progressive degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia resulting in the reduced production of dopamine.

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

Temporary or intermittent neurological event that can result from any situation that reduces cerebral circulation.

What is emotional homeostasis?

Balance of emotions.

What is Pseudodementia?

False appearance of dementia that occurs when persons demonstrate cognitive deficits secondary to being depressed.

Define Substance Abuse.

Inappropriate or excessive use of alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other or unknown substances that result in disorders.

What is Delirium?

Acute confusion, usually reversible.

Define Dementia.

Irreversible, progressive impairment in cognitive function.

What does Mild Cognitive Impairment refer to?

Transitional stage between normal cognitive aging and dementia in which the person has short-term memory impairment and challenges with complex cognitive functions.

What is Sundowner Syndrome?

Nocturnal confusion.

Define Arrhythmia.

Abnormal heart rate or rhythm.

What does Atherosclerosis refer to?

Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup in vessel walls.

What is Homans

Sign?

Pain when the affected leg is dorsiflexed, usually associated with deep phlebitis of the leg.

What is Hypertension?

Consistent blood pressure reading of \ge130 systolic and/or \ge90 diastolic.

What is physical deconditioning?

Decline in cardiovascular function due to physical inactivity.

What is Postural (orthostatic) hypotension?

Decline in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or more after rising and standing for 1 minute.

Define Agnostic.

A person who claims not to know with certainty whether or not God exists.

What is an Atheist?

A person who believes God does not exist.

What is Faith?

Belief in God, a higher power, or system of religious beliefs.

What does Lack of Spiritual Well-Being refer to?

A disruption to the beliefs or practices related to one

Define Religion.

Human-created structures, rituals, symbolism, and rules for relating to God/higher power.

What is Spirituality?

Relationship and feelings with that which transcends the physical world.

What is Assisted Suicide?

Suicide committed with the help of another individual.

What does Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) mean?

Medical order advising providers not to initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest.

What is End of Life?

Period when recovery from illness is not expected, death is anticipated, and focus is on comfort.

What is Hospice Care?

Program that delivers palliative care to dying individuals and support to dying person and their family and caregivers.

What does Palliative Care entail?

Care that relieves suffering and provides comfort when cure is not possible.

Define Rational Suicide.

Decision by a competent terminally ill person to end his or her life.

What is Consent?

Granting of permission to have an action taken or procedure performed.

What is Durable Power of Attorney?

Allows competent individuals to appoint someone to make decisions on their behalf in the event that they become incompetent.

What is Duty in this context?

A relationship between individuals in which one is responsible or has been contracted to provide service for another.

What does HIPAA stand for?

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, assures confidentiality of health information and consumers

What is Malpractice?

Deviation from standard of care.

Define Negligence.

Failure to conform to the standard of care.

What is Private Law?

Governs relationships between individuals and/or organizations.

What is Public Law?

Governs relationships between private parties and the government.

What does Standard of Care refer to?

The norm for what a reasonable individual in a similar circumstance would do.

What is Autonomy?

To respect individual freedoms, preferences, and rights.

What does Beneficence mean?

To do good for patients.

What is Confidentiality?

To respect the privacy.

What is Ethics?

A system of moral principles that guides behaviors.

What is Fidelity?

To respect our words and duty to patients.

What is Justice?

To be fair, treat people equally.

What does Nonmaleficence mean?

To prevent harm to patients.

What is Veracity?

Truthfulness.

What is Anorexia?

Lack of appetite.

What is Cholelithiasis?

The formation or presence of gallstones in the gallbladder.

What is Diverticulitis?

Inflammation or infection of the pouches of intestinal mucosa.

Define Dysphagia.

Difficulty swallowing.

What does Fecal Incontinence refer to?

Involuntary passage of stool.

What is Flatus?

Gas in intestinal tract.

What is Gingivitis?

Inflammation of the gums surrounding the teeth.

Define Hiatal Hernia.

Portion of the stomach protrudes through an opening in the diaphragm.

What is Oropharyngeal Dysphagia?

Difficulty transferring food bolus or liquid from the mouth into the pharynx and esophagus.

What is Periodontal Disease?

Inflammation of the gums extending to the underlying tissues, roots of teeth, and bone.

Define Presbyesophagus.

Age-related changes to the esophagus causing reduced strength of esophageal contractions and slower transport of food down the esophagus.

What does Established Incontinence mean?

Involuntary loss of urine that can have an abrupt or sudden onset and is chronic.

What is Functional Incontinence?

Loss of voluntary control of urine due to disabilities that prevent independent toileting.

Define Glomerulonephritis.

Condition with inflammation of the glomeruli, which filter blood as it passes through the kidneys.

What is Mixed Incontinence?

Involuntary loss of urine due to a combination of factors.

What does Neurogenic (Reflex) Incontinence refer to?

Loss of control of voiding due to inability to sense the urge to void or control urine flow.

What is Nocturia?

Voiding at least once during the night.

Define Overflow Incontinence.

Involuntary loss of urine due to excessive accumulation in the bladder.

What is Stress Incontinence?

Involuntary loss of urine when pressure is placed on the pelvic floor.

What is Transient Incontinence?

Involuntary loss of urine that is acute in onset and usually reversible.

What does Urgency Incontinence mean?

Involuntary loss of urine due to irritation or spasms of the bladder wall.

Define Urinary Incontinence.

Involuntary loss of urine.

What is Insomnia?

Inability to fall asleep, difficulty staying asleep, or premature waking.

What is Nocturnal Myoclonus?

Condition characterized by at least five leg jerks or movements per hour during sleep.

Define Phase Advance.

Falling asleep earlier in the evening and awakening earlier in the morning.

What is Restless Legs Syndrome?

Neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs when one lies down.

Define Sleep Apnea.

Disorder in which at least five episodes of cessation of breathing occur per hour of sleep.

What is Sleep Latency?

Delay in the onset of sleep.

What age-related factors affect dietary requirements in late life?

Decreased caloric need and decreased metabolic rate.

What are risks to nutritional status in older adults?

Multiple factors that can lead to malnutrition, including medical conditions, economic factors, and social support.

What are special nutritional needs of aging women?

Decrease fat and alcohol intake, greater osteoporosis risk.

What are some age-related changes affecting hydration in older adults?

Confusion, reluctance to use the restroom, fear, and lack of motivation.

What are clinical signs of malnutrition?

Weight loss of more than 5% in one month or more than 10% in six months, low serum albumin, low hemoglobin, etc.

What components are included in a nutritional assessment?

Health history, medication review, dietary intake, physical examination, biochemical evaluation, and anthropometric measurement.

What are some characteristics of sleep in older adulthood?

More time in stages one and two with less time in three and four/REM sleep.

What common sleep disturbances occur in older adults?

Insomnia, nocturnal myoclonus, phase advance, restless legs syndrome, sleep apnea.

What is the impact of medications on sleep in older adults?

Many medications can disrupt sleep patterns.

What non-pharmacological measures can promote sleep in older adults?

Activity and rest schedules, proper environment, stress management, and dietary considerations.

What are the five heart valve areas to listen for during auscultation?

Aortic, pulmonic, Erb

What changes occur in the cardiovascular system with aging?

Valves become thicker, brain arteries may dilate, myocardial efficiency decreases, and blood flow reduces during diastole and systole.

What does orthostatic hypotension involve?

A drop in blood pressure when standing significant if it exceeds certain thresholds.

What aspects of care should be addressed for older adults with substance abuse issues?

Monitoring medication interactions, ensuring safe use, and managing potential withdrawal.

What are key strategies for managing anxiety in older adults?

Use of coping strategies, psychotherapy, and non-pharmacological interventions.

What are common signs of elder abuse?

Unexplained injuries, malnutrition, dehydration, and sudden changes in financial status.

What differentiates delirium from dementia?

Delirium is acute and reversible; dementia is chronic and progressive.

What are the common causes of delirium?

Drugs, electrolyte imbalances, infections, and sensory deprivation.

What are common symptoms of dementia?

Cognitive impairment, personality changes, and impaired function.

What nursing interventions are essential for managing older adults with dementia?

Create a safe environment, involve family, minimize confusion, and maintain routines.

What defines the pathophysiology of Alzheimer

s disease?

Beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles lead to neuron damage.