Biopsych

The cell membrane of the neuron creates a(n) _____ gradient, which refers to different amounts of ions outside versus inside the neuron. 

That gradient creates a difference in positive versus negative charge outside versus inside the neuron, which is called a(n) _____ gradient.

*

concentration; electrical

concentration; refractory

electrical; concentration

electrical; refractory

refractory; electrical

concentration; electrical

The neurotransmitter Glutamate attaches to receptors on ligand-gated ion channels, which open and lets positively-charged sodium (Na+) ions flow inside the neuron. This causes the membrane potential to _____ and is called a(n) _____.*

depolarize; Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential (EPSP)

depolarize; Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential (EPSP); refractory period

hyperpolarize; Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential (EPSP)

hyperpolarize; Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential (IPSP)

depolarize; Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential (EPSP)

When the membrane potential depolarizes and reaches the -55 mV threshold, the  ____ at the axon hillock open, and the neuron fires an action potential down the axon.*

ligand-gated ion channels

nodes of ranvier

optogenetics

vesicles

voltage-gated ion channels

voltage-gated ion channels

After an action potential, the membrane potential resets to -70 mV because positively-charged sodium (Na+) ions leave the neuron. The sodium ions leave the neuron due to the _____.*

axon hillock

concentration gradient

electrical gradient

nodes of ranvier

sodium-potassium pumps

concentration gradient

The myelin on an axon are organized like sausage links with gaps between each myelin sheath. 

The gaps are called "nodes of Ranvier," which is where positive ions can flow into the axon and reforesh the electrical charge of the axon potential.

What is in the nodes of ranvier?

*

glutamate

ligand-gated ion channels

sodium-potassium pumps

vesicles

voltage-gated ion channels

voltage-gated ion channels

If you want to measure functional activity very fast (milliseconds), then which method should you use?*

Diffusion MRI

ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG)

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Lesions

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG)

If you want to measure functional activity from deep brain areas in humans, then which method should you use?*

Diffusion MRI

ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG)

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Lesions

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Functional MRI (FMRI)

If you want to measure brain chemistry, then which method should you use?*

Diffusion MRI

ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG)

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Lesions

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

If you want to measure structural white-matter connections in humans, then which method should you use?*

Axon Tracing

Diffusion MRI

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

T1 MRI

Diffusion MRI

If you want to measure the structural volume of brain areas in humans, then which method should you use?*

Axon Tracing

Diffusion MRI

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

T1 MRI

T1 MRI

What signal in the brain does Functional MRI (FMRI) measure?*

Action potentials

Blood Oxygen Level

Electrical activity

Structural connections

Structural volume

Blood Oxygen Level

Which of these methods can manipulate functional activity in the human brain?*

Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)

Diffusion MRI

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Optogenetics

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Which receptors receive both glutamate and calcium, and so is called a "coincidence detector?"*

Serotonin

Dopamine

NMDA

AMPA

none of the above

NMDA

White matter plasticity improves sychronization between neurons by what mechanism?*

increase axon myelination

increase axon diameter

increase number of axons inside white-matter bundle (a.k.a. fasciculus or tract)

all the above

a and c

all the above

A TikTok mogul wants to predict if their videos will be popular, so the mogul scans people's brains while they watch videos. 

The mogul should scan this part of the brain: _____ with this neuroscience method: _____.

*

Amygdala ; ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG)

Amygdala ; Functional MRI (FMRI)

DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex (DLPFC); ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG)

Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) ; ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG)

Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) ; Functional MRI (FMRI)

Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) ; Functional MRI (FMRI)

You dropped your Andy's Frozen Custard on the ground and are debating whether to eat it. 

You consider the risk of getting sick, the probability it will still taste good, and the amount (magnitude) of joy you get from ice cream. 

Which brain area(s) are active when you make this choice?

*

a. Anterior Insula (AIns)

b. Lateral PreFrontal Cortex (LPFC)

c. Medial PreFrontal Cortex (MPFC)

d. Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc)

a, b, and c

a, c, and d

b, c, and d

a, c, and d

Dr. A wants to measure how the structural white-matter connections between the front of the brain and the deep parts of the brain change during college. 

What neuroscience method should Dr. A use?

*

Diffusion MRI

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

T1 MRI

Transcranial Magnetic Stimuilation (TMS)

Diffusion MRI

Dr. B wants to measure how the structural gray-matter volume changes during college. 

What neuroscience method should Dr. B use?

*

Diffusion MRI

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

T1 MRI

Transcranial Magnetic Stimuilation (TMS)

T1 MRI

Dr. C should use what neuroimaging method to measure the accumulation of amyloid plaques (a specific chemistry) in the brain?*

Diffusion MRI

Functional MRI (FMRI)

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

T1 MRI

T2 MRI

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

T1 MRI