science y9

define Static Electricity

Static electricity is the imbalance of positive and negative charge on an object.

define Dynamic Electricity

Dynamic electricity is a steady flow of electrons between places and things, mainly through an electrical circuit.

define Charge

An imbalance of positive and negative charges.

define Positive Charge

A property of matter indicating an excess of protons.

define Negative Charge

A property of matter indicating an excess of electrons.

define Neutral Charge

A state in which the number of protons equals the number of electrons results in no net charge.

define Electrostatic Force

The force exerted between charged particles, can be attractive or repulsive.

define Attraction

The force pulling opposite charges together.

define Repulsion

The force pushing like charges.

define Conductor

A material that is very good at conducting heat/electricity. Examples include gold and copper.

define Insulator

A material that does not allow heat or electricity to easily pass through it, examples include wood and paper.

define Voltage

A measure of the electrical push provided by the battery, measured in volts (V).

define Voltmeters

A device connected in parallel in a circuit and used to measure the voltage across a component.

define Current

The flow of negatively charged electrons is measured in amperes.

define Ammeters

A device connected in series in a circuit and used to measure the current across a circuit.

define Resistance

Resistance is the force that counteracts the flow of electricity in a circuit.

define Series Circuit

In a series circuit, there is one pathway for current to flow throughout the components.

define Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit, there are multiple pathways for current to flow, allowing it to divide and flow in two directions.

define Ohm's Law

Ohm's Law states that the voltage and current across a resistance is related by the formula: V = I x R.

define Renewable Energy

A resource that can be used repeatedly and does not run out because it is naturally replaced.

define Wind Energy

Created by a wind turbine, channelling the power of wind to create electricity.

define Solar Energy

The radiant light and heat from the sun, using technologies such as solar panels to generate electricity.

define Hydropower

A renewable energy source that generates power by using a dam or diversion structure to alter the natural flow of a river or body of water.

define Voltage Distribution

The total voltage is shared among components in chronological order, with the first component receiving the most volts and passing the remainder to the last component.

define Material Efficiency

The total amount of wires used in a series circuit is minimal.

Reliability

If one component breaks in a series circuit the entire circuit short circuits and loses the ability to function properly.

Resistance definition (Measured in Ohms Ω)

Resistance is a measure of the opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).

Non-renewable energy definition

Finite resources consumed faster than replenished.

Coal

Electricity generated by burning coal for steam.

Natural gas

Electricity produced by burning gas for heat.

Greenhouse gas emissions define

Gases contributing to global warming from fossil fuels.

Biodiversity

Variety of life forms in an ecosystem.

Air quality define

Measure of pollutants present in the atmosphere.

Experiment title

Name indicating the focus of the lab report.

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation to be tested in an experiment.

Independent variable

Variable manipulated to observe effects.

Dependent variable

Variable measured to assess changes.

Controlled variables

Constants maintained to ensure fair testing.

Risk assessment

Evaluation of potential hazards in an experiment.

Observations definition

Data collected during the experiment's execution.

Discussion definition

Analysis of results and their implications.

Conclusion

Summary of findings and hypothesis validation.

Earth's core

Hottest part, solid due to radioactive decay.

Outer core define

Liquid layer surrounding the solid inner core.

Mantle

Largest earth layer, mostly liquid.

Asthenosphere

Layer facilitating tectonic plate movement.

Crust

Earth's outer layer, consists of tectonic plates.

Pangaea

Supercontinent before fragmentation into current continents.

Laurasia

Northern supercontinent from Pangaea's breakup.

Gondwana what is it

Southern supercontinent formed after Pangaea's split.

Plate boundaries

Regions where tectonic plates interact.

Divergent boundary

Plates moving apart, forming rift valleys.

Convergent boundary

Plates colliding, creating mountains or volcanoes.

Transform boundary

Plates sliding past each other, causing earthquakes.

Subduction zone

Area where one plate is forced beneath another.

Deep ocean trenches

Formed by subduction of tectonic plates.

Fault lines

Cracks in Earth's crust from plate movement.

Structural formations

Geological features resulting from tectonic activity.

Convection currents

Fluid movement due to temperature and density differences.

Neurons

Nerve cells transmitting chemical and electrical signals.

Receptor

Cell part detecting specific signals and stimuli.

Thermoreceptor

Neuron type detecting temperature changes.

Effector

Organ executing response from the central nervous system.

Reflex arc

Neural pathway controlling reflex actions.

5-Step Detection Method

Process involving sensor, receptor, control center, effector, response.

Infectious diseases

Illnesses caused by pathogens, transmissible between individuals.

Non-infectious diseases

Illnesses caused by non-living factors, non-contagious.

Influenza

Viral infection causing fever, cough, and fatigue.

Malaria

Disease transmitted by mosquito bites, causing fever.

Bacteria

Single-celled organisms capable of independent reproduction.

Antibiotics

Drugs treating bacterial infections, resistance is common.

Viruses

Smaller than bacteria, require host cells to replicate.

Fungi

Eukaryotic organisms, can be single-celled or multicellular.

Mycotoxins

Toxins produced by fungi, harmful when ingested.

Parasites

Organisms living off a host, causing diseases.

Chronic conditions

Long-term health issues caused by parasitic infections.

Obesity

Excessive body weight from calorie surplus.

Symptoms of obesity

Include sleep apnoea, joint pain, and excessive sweating.

Immune response

Body's defense mechanism against pathogens.

Pathogens

Microorganisms causing diseases, including bacteria and viruses.

Ecosystem role of fungi

Break down organic matter, essential for nutrient cycling.

Invasive bacteria

Disrupt normal bodily functions, causing disease.

Host

Organism supporting the life cycle of a parasite.

what is the Control center in the body

Part of the body recognizing changes and responses.

Motor neurons

Transmit signals to effectors for response execution.

Sensor

Device detecting energy types in the environment.

Fatigue

A state of extreme tiredness or exhaustion.

Balanced Diet define

Diet recommended by health professionals for health.

how much physical activity should we get weekly

150 to 300 minutes of exercise weekly.

Heart Disease definition

Condition caused by high blood pressure and cholesterol.

Chest Pain

Common symptom indicating potential heart issues.

Shortness of Breath

Difficulty in breathing, often linked to heart disease.

Stents

Devices used to keep arteries open during treatment.

Type 1 Diabetes

Autoimmune disease requiring daily insulin for survival.

Insulin

Hormone necessary for glucose uptake by cells.

Type 2 Diabetes

Condition of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production.

Gestational Diabetes

Temporary diabetes occurring during pregnancy.

Pre-diabetes

Blood sugar levels higher than normal but not diabetic.

Homeostasis

Process maintaining stable internal body conditions.

Feedback Loops

Mechanisms regulating homeostasis through interconnected events.