DRAFT Chapter 8 - Intelligence & Cognitive Development

What is intelligence according to the psychometric, multiple intelligences and successful intelligence views?

Psychometric View: measurable cognitive abilities through standardized testing

Multiple Intelligences: diverse forms of intelligence across different domains

Successful Intelligence: practical application of analytical, creative, and practical abilities

What is Spearman’s General Intelligence theory?

• general Intelligence (g)

• single underlying factor across all cognitive tasks

What is Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities?

• seven distinct abilities including verbal, spatial and numerical reasoning

What is Carroll’s Hierarchical Model?

• three-tier structure bridging general and specific theories

What are the 2 types of intelligences?

fluid

crystallized

What is fluid intelligence?

ability to think logically and solve novel problems

• pattern recognition

• abstract reasoning

• problem-solving in new situations

What is crystallized intelligence?

accumulated knowledge and skills from experience

• vocabulary and language

• cultural knowledge

• learned strategies

What are Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences?

9 distinct forms of intelligences and solve novel problems

LIES MILK No one

What is emotional intelligence?

ability to understand and manage emotions

• perceive emotions accurately

• understand emotional patterns

• regulate emotions effectively

What does strong emotional intelligence help with?

1. better relationships and self-esteem

2. more effective leadership and teamwork

3. greater life satisfaction

What is Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence and what are its components?

using abilities skillfully to achieve personal goals

• analytical: analyzing problems and generating solutions

• creative: dealing flexibly with novel situations

• practical: knowing what will actually work

What is the history of IQ testing?

began with Binet’s pioneering work

now we have modern assessments

What were Binet’s assessments for intelligence?

1905

• French government asked Binet and his colleague Théodore Simon to develop a way to identify children who needed extra help in school/needing support

• ‘mental age’ concept

  • If a 7-year-old child performs like the average 9-year-old, their mental age is 9

What was Stanford-Binet’s methods for measuring intelligence?

intelligence quotient (IQ) score

• average of 100

series of tasks organized by age level or difficulty

• standardized test

What are modern tests that we use now?

e.g. WISC assesses multiple cognitive domains

• verbal scale

  • INFORMATION: child is asked questions that tap their factual knowledge of the world

  • COMPREHENSION: child is asked questions that measure their judgment and common sense

  • SIMILARITIES: child is asked to describe how words are related

• performance scale

  • PICTURE ARRANGEMENT: pictures are shown and the child is asked to place them in order to tell a story

  • PICTURE COMPLETION: child is asked to identify the part that is missing from the picture

What is the mean IQ score and standard distribution?

mean = 100

SD = 15

What do IQ scores predict?

1. academic success

• reasonable predictor of school performance

2. job performance

• especially for complex occupations

3. stability over time

• reliable after age 6

What are limitations of IQ score prediction?

1. self-discipline may better predict school success

2. infants tests poorly predict later IQ

How do nature vs. nurture shape intelligence?

both heredity and environment shape intelligence 

• heredity: twin studies, genetic links

• environment: home stimulation, Flynn effect

  • Flynn effect: steady rise in average IQ scores over generations

What are some environmental influences on intelligence?

1. home environment

• books, materials, engagement

2. education quality

• resources, methods, class size

3. nutrition and health

• prenatal care, childhood nutrition

4, socioeconomic status

• access to resources

5. cultural exposure

• language, experiences

6. interventions

• early programs show effects

What are cultural considerations for IQ testing?

the challenge: linguistic and cultural differences affect test performance

the solution: use non-verbal patterns and visual reasoning

• e.g. Raven’s Matrices

  • most widely used tests for assessing general intelligence (g) because it minimizes language and cultural bias

What is the influence of stereotypes on IQ testing?

how awareness of stereotypes affects performance

the challenge: knowledge of negative stereotypes creates anxiety and reduces test performances

the solution: activities boosting self-worth improve scores and reduce the threat effect

What are the 4 special populations of people?

1. exceptional abilities (above-av