17 and 20 A&Pll

what are the accessory organs

Salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder

alimentary canal

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine , rectum and anus

what is the sequence of layers of the alimentary canal wall (innermost to outermost)

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

which layer transports food molecules to blood, nourishes cells, contains glands

submucosa

what are the 2 types of movement in the alimentary wall canal tube

mixing and propelling

Mixing movement

small sections contract rthymically, does NOT move material in 1 direction , ex: segmentation

Propelling

moves material in 1 direction , peristalsis: propels food down the tract, ring of contraction

How does the parasympathetic intervene and control digestive activity?

increases activity (secretion & motility)

How does the sympathetic intervene and control digestive activity?

decreases activity

submucosal plexus controls….

secretions

myenteric controls….

gastrointestinal motility

carbohydrates →

Monosaccharides

Proteins →

amino acids

lipids →

fatty acids and glycerol

nucleic acids →

nucleotide

what does salvia contain?

salivary amylase (enzyme) and bicarbonate ions (buffer)

what enzyme begins chemical digestion of starches and glycogen

salivary amylase

3 stages of swallowing stages:

first stage (voluntary) bolus is formed (saliva mixed w/ food), sec stage (involuntary) sensory receptors are triggered and swallowing reflex (oropharynx region), third stage (involuntary) peristalsis transports food from esophagus to stomach

what is rugae…

folds of mucosa and submucosa

gastric glands contain what 3 secretory cells?

mucous , parietal, chief

what is gastric juice a mixture of ?

the 3 gastric cells

what does mucous cells do?

it produces mucous and lines the stomach while also being a lubricate

what does parietal cells do?

secrete HCI and it aids in activation of protein enzyme (such as pepsinogen to pepsin)

what does chief cells do?

secrete pepsinogen (inactive) and it aids in protein digestion

why is pepsinogen released inactive?

to prevent chief cells being destroyed and starting early digestion in the stomach lining itself

what activates pepsinogen ?

HCI

somatostatin purpose

prevents/brakes HCI secretion

Cholecystokinin (cck) purpose

decreases gastric motility

when is cck released?

proteins and fat enter small intestine, thus released by small intestine cell

Sympathetic ….. gastric activity

decreases

parasympathetic ….. gastric activity

increases

what does the large intestine lack ?

villi and plicae circulares

what does the urinary system consists of ?

kidneys, ureters , urinary bladder and urethra

what is the ureters purpose?

Transportation bringing urine from kidneys to bladder

what is the kidneys purpose?

filters blood and urine production

what is the urinary bladders purpose?

collects and store urine

what is the urethra’s purpose?

conveys urine from bladder to the outside of body

the urinary system removes…

waste (urea and creatinine) , substances ( sodium and water ) and drugs

the kidneys secrete what?

renin

what does the kidneys activate

Vitamin D

what does renin regulate?

Blood pressure

nephrons produce?

urine

afferent arteriole →glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries

blood flow in nephrons

what specialized cells surround the glomerulus?

podocytes