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Herrick’s Definition of Rhetoric
Rhetoric is an act of symbols for purposes of persuasion
Rhetorical Discourse is
Planned
Adapted to an Audience
Reveals Human Motives
Responsive
Seeks Persuasion
Addresses Contingent Issues
Planned
Rhetoric requires forethought
Effective arrangement for arguments and appeals
Adapted to an Audience
Rhetorician must make an educated guess about the audience
Consider what an audience already believes
Reveals Human Motives
Rhetoric is closely concerned with the audience
Human motives have a moral quality
Motives may be elusive, evident, hidden, or openly admitted
Is Responsive
Rhetoric is a statement about an event or a previous statement
Response-Inviting
Seeks Persuasion
Wants to alter audience opinions
Arguments, Appeals, Arrangements, and Aesthetic help rhetoric change people’s minds
Addresses Contingent Issues
Deliberate
Social Functions of the Art of Rhetoric
Rhetoric Tests Ideas
Rhetoric Assists Advocacy
Rhetoric Distributes Power
Rhetoric Discovers Facts
Rhetoric Shapes Knowledge
Rhetoric Builds Community
Rhetoric of Social Life Definition of Rhetoric
the use of symbols and words (word and images) to share ideas, enabling people to work together to make decisions about matters of common concern, create identity and construct social reality
Symbolic Action
expressive human action, the rhetorical mobilization of symbols to act in and affect the world
Examples of Symbolic Action
Identification
Constructive Rhetoric
Constructing Reality
Rhetorical Agency
Voice and Power, it can be taken away at any moment
Enos Three Functions of Language
Heuristic
Eristic
Protrepic
Heuristic
Self Awareness
Eristic
“The inherent power of language itself”
Protrepic
“The capacity for words to turn human thought” - influence human thought
Isegoria
equal opportunity to speak freely in public spaces
Why did Plato not agree with the Sophists?
He saw rhetoric as an unfair power and manipulation. He saw it as a danger to the polus (the public)
Gorgias argues that rhetoric
produces the greatest good and is the source of mastery over your peers and your freedom
Gorgias
A sophist and one of the earliest teachers of rhetoric
By any means as long as moral
What were Gorgias’ three truths?
Nothing Exists
If anything could exist, we could not know it
If we could know something exists, we would not be able to communicate it to anyone else
Kairos
Opportune moment, the truth depends on careful consideration of all factors
Arete
virtue, excellence, capacity for success
Socrates
Rhetoric is a knack
“Do no harm” - culturally, intellectually, and social harm
Dialect v Rhetoric
Dialect: conversation, brief questions and answers
Rhetoric: speeches
Aristotle’s Artistic Proofs
Logos: logic
Pathos: emotion
Ethos: credibility
Dialectic
Discussing the truth of an opinion
What is the counterpart of the dialectic?
Rhetoric
Pathos: What are the two emotions that drive us?
Desire
Fear
Ethos: What does Aristole say Ethos is made up of?
Phronesis
Arete
Eunoia
What is modern day ethos made up of?
Integrity
Competence
Likebleness
Dynamism
Three Types of Speeches (Aristotle)
Deliberate
Forensic
Epedictic
Deliberate
used in legislature, deals with solutions facing the polus in the present
Forensic
Past, Right/Wrong, Good/Bad (think court)
Epedictic
ceremonial speech, praise the thing you are doing
Enthymeme
Rhetorical Syllogism
Make the audience come to the conclusion on their own
Keeps the audience engaged
Syllogism
Lays out the truth directly
The audience does not work
Rhetoric operates like a chariot
Two horses (logic and emotion), driver (wisdom)
Who came up with the chariot idea?
Socrates
Poulakis Definition of Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of seeking out opportune moments that is appropriate and attempts to suggest what is possible
To Prepon
The appropriate
To Dynaton
The Possible