Intro To Rhetoric Exam 1

Herrick’s Definition of Rhetoric

Rhetoric is an act of symbols for purposes of persuasion

Rhetorical Discourse is

Planned

Adapted to an Audience

Reveals Human Motives

Responsive

Seeks Persuasion

Addresses Contingent Issues

Planned

Rhetoric requires forethought

Effective arrangement for arguments and appeals

Adapted to an Audience

Rhetorician must make an educated guess about the audience

Consider what an audience already believes

Reveals Human Motives

Rhetoric is closely concerned with the audience

Human motives have a moral quality

Motives may be elusive, evident, hidden, or openly admitted

Is Responsive

Rhetoric is a statement about an event or a previous statement

Response-Inviting

Seeks Persuasion

Wants to alter audience opinions

Arguments, Appeals, Arrangements, and Aesthetic help rhetoric change people’s minds

Addresses Contingent Issues

Deliberate

Social Functions of the Art of Rhetoric

Rhetoric Tests Ideas

Rhetoric Assists Advocacy

Rhetoric Distributes Power

Rhetoric Discovers Facts

Rhetoric Shapes Knowledge

Rhetoric Builds Community

Rhetoric of Social Life Definition of Rhetoric

the use of symbols and words (word and images) to share ideas, enabling people to work together to make decisions about matters of common concern, create  identity and construct social reality

Symbolic Action

expressive human action, the rhetorical mobilization of symbols to act in and affect the world

Examples of Symbolic Action

Identification

Constructive Rhetoric

Constructing Reality

Rhetorical Agency

Voice and Power, it can be taken away at any moment

Enos Three Functions of Language

Heuristic

Eristic

Protrepic

Heuristic

Self Awareness

Eristic

“The inherent power of language itself”

Protrepic

“The capacity for words to turn human thought” - influence human thought

Isegoria

equal opportunity to speak freely in public spaces

Why did Plato not agree with the Sophists?

He saw rhetoric as an unfair power and manipulation. He saw it as a danger to the polus (the public)

Gorgias argues that rhetoric

produces the greatest good and is the source of mastery over your peers and your freedom

Gorgias

A sophist and one of the earliest teachers of rhetoric

By any means as long as moral

What were Gorgias’ three truths?

Nothing Exists

If anything could exist, we could not know it

If we could know something exists, we would not be able to communicate it to anyone else

Kairos

Opportune moment, the truth depends on careful consideration of all factors

Arete

virtue, excellence, capacity for success

Socrates

Rhetoric is a knack

“Do no harm” - culturally, intellectually, and social harm

Dialect v Rhetoric

Dialect: conversation, brief questions and answers

Rhetoric: speeches

Aristotle’s Artistic Proofs

Logos: logic

Pathos: emotion

Ethos: credibility

Dialectic

Discussing the truth of an opinion

What is the counterpart of the dialectic?

Rhetoric

Pathos: What are the two emotions that drive us?

Desire

Fear

Ethos: What does Aristole say Ethos is made up of?

Phronesis

Arete

Eunoia

What is modern day ethos made up of?

Integrity

Competence

Likebleness

Dynamism

Three Types of Speeches (Aristotle)

Deliberate

Forensic

Epedictic

Deliberate

used in legislature, deals with solutions facing the polus in the present

Forensic

Past, Right/Wrong, Good/Bad (think court)

Epedictic

ceremonial speech, praise the thing you are doing

Enthymeme

Rhetorical Syllogism

Make the audience come to the conclusion on their own

Keeps the audience engaged

Syllogism

Lays out the truth directly

The audience does not work

Rhetoric operates like a chariot

Two horses (logic and emotion), driver (wisdom)

Who came up with the chariot idea?

Socrates

Poulakis Definition of Rhetoric

Rhetoric is the art of seeking out opportune moments that is appropriate and attempts to suggest what is possible

To Prepon

The appropriate

To Dynaton

The Possible