APHUG ~ Unit 7: Industrial and Economic Development Patterns and Processes

Agglomeration

The process of regions or areas collecting in a mass for specific advantages.

Barriadas

Squatter settlements built on land that isn't owned or rented.

Bid-rent theory

A theory on how real estate prices change with distance from the CBD.

Blockbusting

When real estate agents convince homeowners to sell cheaply due to fear of minorities moving in.

CBD (central business district)

The city area where retail and office activities are clustered.

Census tract

A U.S. Census area for which statistics are published, often aligning with neighborhoods.

Centrality

The dominance of cities within an urban system.

Centralization

The concentration of decision-making in one location or group.

Central-place theory

Explains the distribution of services based on settlements serving as service centers.

Christaller, Walter

Creator of the central-place theory.

City

A conglomeration of people and buildings serving as a political, cultural, and economic center.

Colonial city

Cities with wider streets, larger houses, and lower density, often due to colonial influence.

Commercialization

The transformation of an area into an attractive location for residents and tourists.

Commuter zone

The fifth ring in the concentric zone model, beyond the city’s built-up area.

Concentric zone model

A model showing city structure in rings, with different social groups in each.

Counter-urbanization

Migration from urban to rural areas.

Decentralization

The dispersing of decision-making closer to the action point.

Deindustrialization

The reduction of industry, especially manufacturing, in a region.

Early cities

Ancient cities that help study societal development over time.

Economic base

The collection of basic industries in a community.

Basic industries

Industries selling products primarily outside the settlement.

Cityscapes

The urban equivalent of landscapes, reflecting a city’s visual appearance.

Non-basic industries

Industries serving primarily local consumers.

Edge city

A large node of office and retail activities on a city’s outskirts.

Emerging cities

Cities growing rapidly but still with a small population.

Employment structure

The division of labor into three main sectors.

Ethnic neighborhood

A neighborhood where residents share cultural traits.

Favela

Brazilian shantytown typically found on city outskirts.

Female-headed household

A household led by a female.

Festival landscape

Areas characterized by cultural festivals.

Gateway city

A city linking one region to others due to its strategic location.

Gender

Social differences between men and women, distinct from biological sex.

Gentrification

The influx of higher-income households into older working-class neighborhoods.

Ghetto

A neighborhood where minorities live due to social, legal, or economic pressure.

Great cities

Cities of great importance with significant power.

High-tech corridor

A region with many high-tech businesses and industries.

Hinterland

The surrounding area drawn to a central place for its services.

Hydraulic civilization

Cultures dependent on large-scale water management systems for agriculture.

Indigenous city

A city established by indigenous people.

In-filling

Developing vacant land within a built-up area.

Informal sector

Economic activities not taxed or regulated by the government.

Infrastructure

Essential facilities and systems like transportation, power, and communication.

Inner city

Residential areas surrounding the CBD.

Invasion and succession

A model showing how immigration changes urban social structures.

Lateral commuting

Commuting between two suburbs.

Medieval cities

Cities from the Middle Ages.

Megacities

Metropolitan areas with populations over 10 million.

Megalopolis

A large area of overlapping metropolitan regions.

Metropolitan area

An area including a central city, its surrounding county, and connected areas.

Multiple Nuclei Model

A model where cities have multiple nodes of activity.

Multiplier Effect

The expansion of economic activity based on initial investment.

Neighborhood

A region near a specific place or thing.

Office park

A commercial area with grouped office buildings.

Peak land value intersection

The area with the highest land value and commerce in a settlement.

Planned communities

Communities carefully designed from the start, often in undeveloped areas.

Postindustrial city

A city where the economy has shifted from manufacturing to services.

Postmodern Urban landscape

Predicted future urban landscapes.

Primate city

The largest city in a country, with more than twice the population of the second largest.

Racial steering

A practice where real estate agents guide buyers to certain areas based on race.

Rank-size rule

A pattern where the nth largest city has 1/n the population of the largest city.

Restrictive covenants

Agreements that limit certain actions, often related to land use.

Sector model

A model of city structure organized into sectors.

Segregation

The separation of different races or groups in an area.

Settlement form

The physical arrangement of a settlement.

Site/situation

The specific location or trend of a settlement.

Slum

Overcrowded urban areas with poor housing and living conditions.

Social structure

Established patterns of social interaction in a community.

Specialization

The division of labor into specific tasks.

Squatter settlement

Unregulated housing areas, similar to barriadas.

Street pattern

The layout of streets, such as grid or dendritic.

Suburb

Residential areas on the outskirts of a city.

Suburbanization

The growth of residential areas on a city's outskirts.

Symbolic landscape

Landscapes that carry symbolic meaning.

Tenement

An apartment building, often with minimal maintenance standards.

Threshold

The minimum number of people required to support a service.

Town

A settlement smaller than a suburb but not entirely rural.

Underclass

A segment of society excluded from material benefits.

Underemployment

Being employed in a job below one's skill level.

Urban growth rate

The rate at which a city’s population grows.

Urban function

The primary purpose or role of an urban area.

Urban hearth area

The origin of early cities.

Urban heat island

An urban area significantly warmer than its rural surroundings.

Urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements based on size and economic function.

Urban hydrology

The study of water management in urban areas.

Urban morphology

The study of the physical form of urban places.

Urbanization

The process of population growth in cities.

Urbanized population

The portion of the population living in urban areas.

World cities

Major centers of global economic power and wealth.

Zone in transition

The second ring in the concentric zone model with industry and poor housing.

Zoning

Laws limiting land use and development density.

Redlining

When banks refuse loans in certain areas based on race or income.

Shopping mall

A large building with many stores inside, typically in a city.