CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Circulatory System

This is responsible for transporting throughout the body oxygenated blood from the heart and lungs via the arteries. Deoxygenated blood or oxygen-depleted blood is returned to its origin through the veins.

Heart

It is a hollow muscular organ that has four chambers. Same size of a person’s clenched fist

pericardium

Heart is surrounded by a thin, fluid-filled sac called ______

Epicardium

thin, watery membrane on the outer layer of the heart

Epicardium

Function: covers the heart and is attached to the pericardium

Pericardium

It is the membrane that encloses the heart and the roots of the major heart vessels

Pericardium

Function: protects the heart, prevents friction during heart contractions

Parietal pericardium

consists of dense connective tissue that protects the heart and maintains its position within the thoracic cavity

Visceral pericardium

envelopes the heart and forms epicardium which is the most superficial layer of the heart

pericardial sac; pericardial fluid

Two layers of pericardium form the _____ and this normally contains clear, straw-colored fluid called ____

Myocardium

thick layer of cardiac muscle in the middle layer of the heart

Myocardium

Function: pumps blood into the arteries by contracting

Endocardium

thin layer of epithelial cells in the inner layer of the heart

Endocardium

Function: lines the valves and interior chambers

Right Atrium

upper right chamber

Right Atrium

Function: receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Right Ventricle

lower right chamber

Right Ventricle

Function: receives the blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery.

Left Atrium

upper left chamber

Left Atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle.

Left Ventricle

lower left chamber

Left Ventricle

receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta

Right AV (atrioventricular) valve

tricuspid valve located between the RA and RV

Right AV (atrioventricular) valve

Function: closes as the RV contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the RA

Left AV (atrioventricular) valve

bicuspid or mitral valve located between the LA and LV

Left AV (atrioventricular) valve

Function: closes as the LV contracts preventing blood from flowing back to the LA.

Interatrial Septum

partition that separates the RA from the LA

Interventricular Septum

separates the RV from the LV

Coronary Circulation

Receives blood supply thru the left and right coronary arteries, and coronary veins return the oxygen depleted blood from the heart muscle back to the heart

Coronary Circulation

______ supplies the blood and also provides drainage from the tissues.

Coronary Circulation

Composed of the left and right coronary arteries and coronary veins.

Cardiac Cycle

Systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) which lasts about 0.8 seconds

Electrical Conduction System

Sends electric impulses throughout the myocardium which is initiated by the sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker)

ECG/electrocardiogram

Provides the graphical representation of the cardiac cycle’s activity

Lubb

Origin of the Heart Sounds
“___” first sound produced as the ventricles contract or the AV valves close.

Dupp

Origin of the Heart Sounds
“___” second sound which is heard when the semilunar valves close and the ventricles relax

Heart Rate and Cardiac Output

The average heart rate is 72 bpm and the cardiac output refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute

Pulse

A rhythmic throbbing resulting from the alternating expansion and contraction of the artery

Blood Pressure

Force exerted by the blood on the walls of the vessel measured by the sphygmomanometer

Angina pectoris

Chest pain resulting from reduced blood flow to the heart

Aortic stenosis

A murmuring sound produced when the aortic leaflets fall to fully open during systole

Bacterial endocarditis

An infection that happens when a bacteria enters and resides in the heart lining or blood vessel.

Congestive heart failure

A chronic progressive condition that affects the pumping power of the heart muscles.

Myocardial infarction

Known as heart attack and caused by a decrease or full stoppage of blood flow that damages the heart muscle.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardial sac that may be due to viral infection.

Vascular System

the loop which consists of a system of blood vessels through which blood is circulated to the rest of the body.

Tunica adventitia

outer connective tissue

Tunica media

middle muscle and elastic fiber

Tunica intima

inner, endothelial cells

Layers, Lumen, Valves

Blood Vessel Structure

Aneurysm

this is an enlargement of the artery due to the weakening of the artery wall.

Arteriosclerosis

hardening of the artery wall due to aging

Atherosclerosis

formation of plaques in the inner walls.

Embolism

clot or bubble which causes obstruction of an artery

Embolus

obstruction that is carried and lodged in a vessel

Hemorrhoids

swollen veins in the area of the anus

Phlebitis

inflammation of the veins particularly the wall

Thrombophlebitis

swelling of the veins of the legs that usually occurs during pregnancy

Thrombus

blood clot that impedes blood flow

Varicose veins

usually found in the legs; these are veins that have been twisted and enlarged.

Blood

___ is the red fluid that is transported throughout the body through the circulatory system.

Plasma

a clear, straw-colored liquid portion of the blood which is 90% water.

1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)

2. Leukocytes (white blood cells)

3. Thrombocytes (platelets)

Three components of blood

human blood type

The _____ is inherited and determined by the antigens on the surface of the red blood cells.

A+

You can give blood to
A+, AB+

O+

You can give blood to
O+, A+, B+, AB+

B+

You can give blood to
B+, AB+

AB+

You can give blood to
AB+

A-

You can give blood to
A+, A-, AB+, AB-

O-

You can give blood to
EVERYONE

B-

You can give blood to
B+, B-, AB+, AB-

AB-

You can give blood to
AB+, AB-

A+

You can receive blood from
A+, A-, O+, O-

O+

You can receive blood from
O+, O-

B+

You can receive blood from
B+, B-, O+, O-

AB+

You can receive blood from
EVERYONE

A-

You can receive blood from
A-, O-

O-

You can receive blood from
O-

B-

You can receive blood from

B-, O-

AB-

You can receive blood from
AB-, A-, B-, O-

Serum

Plasma

Whole blood

There are three blood specimen that are collected for testing purposes

Anemia

caused by not having enough healthy RBC or hemoglobin

Leukemia

cancer of the blood forming tissues like the bone marrow or the lymphatic system

Leukocytosis

increase of the number of WBC in the blood and can indicate infection

Leukopenia

reduced number of WBC in the blood

Polycythemia

the marrow produces too many RBC resulting to blood thickening

Thrombocytosis

the body produces too many platelets which affects the blood clotting

Thrombocytopenia

characterized by the low platelet count

Lymphatic system

The ____ of the human body is a network of tissues and organs that is responsible for the removal of toxins and waste in the body

Lymphatic system

The main function is to transport the white blood cells to and from the lymph nodes throughout the body.

95%

The Lymphatic System is composed of fluids or lymph which is similar to plasma but is composed of ___ water.

nodes

The lymph is transported throughout the system thru the lymphatic vessels, ducts and masses of lymph tissue called ____

transport back the tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Functions of the Lymphatic System

processes lymphocytes

Functions of the Lymphatic System

transport the fats absorbed from the small intestine into the bloodstream

Functions of the Lymphatic System

removes impurities

Functions of the Lymphatic System

Lymphangitis

inflammation of lymphatic channels resulting from an infection at a site distal to the channe

Lymphadenitis

refers to the inflammation of the lymph nodes

Lymphadenopathy

also called adenopathy, a disease where there is abnormality in the size or number of the lymph nodes.

Splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen.