CPH Water Analysis

Water

• Made of tiny molecules of hydrogen and oxygen

• Each one is so small that you can’t see it even with the most powerful microscope

• Pure water has no color, no taste and doesn’t smell of anything

• Solid (ice, hail, snow or frost)

• Liquid (in lakes, Oceans, rain, dew, fog or mist)

• Gas ( steam or water vapor- “invisible” water in air

Water exists in 3 forms on the earth:

• Lakes

• Rivers

• Polar ice caps

• Clouds

• Rain

• Stored in rocks(aquifers)

• Sea ice

where can you find most of the 3% of water?

6-8 glasses of water each day

How much water do we need?

Hyponatremia/ Water Toxicity

-occurs when level of sodium is abnormally low

RAAS(Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System)  

-system that regulates salt content of the body

-activated when blood pressure and salt are low

Aldosterone 

– hormone that regulates salt content of the body

• Protected Springs

• Boreholes

• Piped water supply

• Rain water harvesting

Types of water sources:

Protected Springs

• Can make very good water supply

• If spring is above  a village, a pipe can be attached

• Wall should be placed where the water emerges from the ground

• Stones and sand should be placed

  Can be used for laundry and gardening

Boreholes

• Narrow holes drilled into the ground that tap into ground water

• Can be drilled (motor/hand)

• Hand pump is need in the surface

• A few meters around the borehole should be sealed using concrete

Piped Water Supply

• lead, iron, copper, cadmium

• ________ supply communal taps and yard

• Rust piped – ____ , ____ , ___ , ___

• Sometimes fed by supply water and gravity

• Includes storage tanks which provide emergency storage in the event of breakdown

• Chlorination

• Ultraviolet disinfection

• Reverse osmosis

Water Treatment of boreholes:

Wilson Disease

- Excessive accumulation of copper in the muscle

Rain water harvesting

• Usage of roofs to collect rain water

• Ground catchment to use to agriculture

Water Shortage

-Happens when an area does not have enough water to meet the needs of the people who live there. Due to too much demand or not enough supply.

Water Population

• Is the contamination of water bodies, examples lake, rivers, ground water and oceans

• These impurities have a detrimental effect on water quality, and can be harmful to living organisms and aquatic life

• Point Source

• Non-Point Source

2 sources of water pollution

Point Source

- A single identifiable source of pollution such as pipe or drain

- Industrial waste are commonly discharged to rivers and sea

Non-Point Source

- Refers to the diffused contamination of water or air that does not originate from a single discrete source

- Often the cumulative effects of the small amounts of continence gathered from a large area

• Surface Water Pollution

• Ground Water Pollution

• Chemicals

• Nutrients

• Suspended matter

• Oxygen depletion

Types of Water Population

Aerobic

- can live with oxygen

Anaerobic

(Ammonia and Sulfides)

- can live without oxygen

- some are harmful to people (______ , _______)

Surface Water Pollution

- Runoff from things like fertilizers from farms and chemicals from cities and highway

Ground Water Pollution

- Occurs when man-made products such as gasoline, oil, and chemicals get into the ground water and cause it to become unsafe and unfit for human use

Oxygen depletion

- When too much biodegradable material is added to water, the number of microorganisms increase and use up the available oxygen

• Sewage and waste matter

• Industries

• Oil Pollution

• Atmospheric deposition

• Marine dumping

• Radioactive waste

• Underground storage leakage

• Global warming

• Eutrophication

Causes of Water Pollution

Eutrophication

- Occurs when the water body becomes overly enriched with nutrients

Ground Water

· Fresh water stored underground in aquifers

· Most fresh water resources are stored here

Aquifers

 – are underground with rocks and gravel that have spaces where water can accumulate

Oil Spill

It is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment (marine ecosystem)

Community Waste System

- Safe and readily available drinking water is key to public health

Community Water Systems and Water Safety Plans(WSP)

-are important ways to ensure the health of a community and access to drinking water

• Preliminary

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary or Advance treatment

Waste Water Treatment Process

PRELIMINARY

· Treatment is a physical process that removes large contaminants

PRIMARY

· Treatment involves physical sedimentation of particulates

SECONDARY

· Treatment involves physical and biological treatment to reduce organic load of wastes water

• Nitrification- to remove nitrogen and phosphorus

• Filtration

• Carbon Adsorption

• Constructed Wetland (man-made)

Tertirary or Advance treatment:

• Primary Stage

• Secondary Stage

2 Basuc Stages in Treatment of Water Waste

· Primary Stage

Solids are allowed to settle and remove from water waste

· Secondary Stage

It uses biological process to further purify water waste

• Clarification

• Filtration

• Disinfection

Drinking Water Treatment

· Clarification

Primarily a physical process, but may be aided by

· Filtration

Also primarily physical, but chemicals may aid process

· Disinfection

Typically a chemical process that reduces pathogen microorganism

Clarification of Drinking Water    

- removes particular that contribute to turbiding and contamination of water

- is aided by chemicals which cause particulates to aggregate, precipitate and form sediments

Filtration

- Separate non-settleable solids from water

- Combined with coagulation/ clarification

• 84% - 96% turbidity

• 97% - 99.95%

• >99% Giardia

• filtration can remove ___% - ___% turbidity, coliform bacteria ___% - ____% and ___% Giardia

• Rapid Filtration – uses gravity (faster flow)

• Slow Filtration -  uses gravity (slower flow)

• Pressure and filters – uses water pressure

• Micro-straining – uses fine steel fabric

Types of Filtration:

• E. coli

• Leptospira species

• Salmonella species

• Shigella

• Vibrio Cholerae

Disinfection

Prime Target for Disinfectants:

• Bacteria such as

• Balantidium coli

• Cryptospondium parvum

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Giardia Lamblia

Disinfection

Prime Target for Disinfectants:

· Protozoa such as

• Enterovirus

• Hepatitis A

• Rota virus

Disinfection

Prime Target for Disinfectants:

Viruses such as

• Ascaris lumbricodes

• Taenia solium

• Trichuris trichiura

Disinfection

Prime Target for Disinfectants:

Helminths such as

• Physical Disinfection techniques

• Chemical Disinfection techniques

Types of Disinfection

• Boiling

• Irradiation with UV light

· Physical Disinfection techniques include:

• Chlorine

• Bromine

• Iodine

• Ozone to water

· Chemical disinfection techniques include adding:

Bromine

- is not recommended for drinking water disinfection, but may be used for food water

Iodine 

-is sometimes used for drinking water disinfection, but causes a bad aftertaste

Chlorine disinfection

- is a cheap, effective, relatively harmless disinfection method

- added as a gas or hypochlorite solution

- Hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions form in solution, which are string chemical oxidants, and kill microbes

Ozonation

 Ozone

- Effective, relatively harmless disinfection method, but is expensive (less popular than chlorine)

- ____ is a strong oxidant, that produces hydroxyl free radicals that react with organic and inorganic molecules in water to kill microbes