AP BIO FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS

The lowest level of organization that exhibits all of the properties of life is/are

The cell

All of the following are characteristics of life

except

movement

All of the species that live together in a given area is known as

a community

Which of the following represents the correct order, from largest to smallest, for an individual animal according to the hierarchical structure of biological organization?

Nervous system, brain, nerve cell, molecule

When looking at stratified sediments, where are the oldest fossils found?

The oldest fossils are in the lower layers.

According to the theory of gradualism,

the earth's geological features are formed by slow continuous processes.

While on his voyage, Darwin observed 13 varieties of finches, each with a different niche. Darwin would explain the occurrence by saying that

the different varieties of finches share a common ancestry.

An ecological niche is

an organism's role in its environment.

The process of artificial selection demonstrates that:

A range of variation exists within members of a species.

With which of the following ideas would Lamarck not agree?

A purple-flower-loving cow is grazing in a field with purple and white flowers. The next year white flowers will dominate the population of flowers in the field.

Selective pressure is

when an outside force affects the composition of a population by favoring certain traits over others.

According to evidence provided by transition fossils, the earliest known birds had all but which of the following characteristics?

absence of teeth

Which of the following is evolutionary evidence that whales and dolphins descended from land-dwelling mammals?

Transition fossils show the presence of leg like structures, pointing to the possibility that the ancestors of whale and dolphins once lived on land.

The prevailing theories about mass extinction are that the causes may have been

glacier formation, meteorites crashing into the earth, and movement of continents.

Based on DNA evidence, which species are more closely related?

Humans and Chimpanzees

When comparing hemoglobin across species, frogs have 67 amino acids which differ from humans. Mice differ by only 27 amino acids. The evolutionary implications are that

Humans and mice share a more recent common ancestry than humans and frogs.

A vestigial structure in the python is the

pelvic girdle

Which of the following forms of energy was not available for chemical reactions on primitive earth?

Fossil fuel

Which of the following statements about RNA is incorrect?

RNA can't act as a catalyst for protein synthesis

The atomic number of an atom refers to the number of

protons

In the figure below, which portion represents the atomic mass?

12 C

6

12

Hydrogen bonds can provide strength to large molecules because

large molecules may have multiple sites where hydrogen bonding can occur.

Oxygen is much more electronegative than hydrogen. Which of the following statements about the OH group in methanol (CH3OH) is true?

The hydrogen atom has a partial positive charge.

If a base is added to water, the pH will

increase

Hemoglobin acts as _____ in the body by taking up protons released by H2CO3, keeping the pH of the blood constant.

a buffer

Label A in the diagram points to a

polar covalent bond

How many bonds can carbon form?

4

What type of isomer are these two molecules?

structural isomers

What type of isomers are the two molecules shown below?

Enantiomers

What is the difference between maltose and amylose (starch)?

Maltose is a disaccharide, while amylose is a polysaccharide.

What does the "1-4" in "1-4 glycosidic linkage" mean?

A one-carbon monosaccharide is connected to a four-carbon monosaccharide.

Mammals lack cellulases and cannot digest cellulose without the help of symbiotic bacteria that produce cellulase for them. Why can't amylase, an enzyme that digests starch, effectively digest cellulose?

The shape of the cellulose makes it less accessible to digestive enzymes.

Phospholipids are major components of _____.

cell membranes

What is the difference between the sugar group in DNA and the sugar group in RNA?

The sugar group in DNA has one less hydroxyl group (-OH) than the sugar group in RNA.

The molecule shown is a ____________.

steroid

What is the name of this amino acid?

tyrosine

_____ take(s) place when amino acids with nonpolar R groups come together into the interior of the protein to minimize contact with water.

Hydrophobic interactions

_____ is the measure of randomness in a system.

Entropy

What does the arrow labeled "X" in the diagram below represent?

The change in free energy

All of the following are features of eukaryotic cells EXCEPT

Circular chromosome

This theory states that all organisms are composed of cells.

The cell theory

One recognizable difference between plant and animal cells is that

plant cells have thick, rigid cell walls. Animal cells do not have cell walls.

Peroxisomes

detoxify alcohol

The process by which the plasma membrane engulfs food particles is called

phagocytosis

All of the following are functions of the Golgi apparatus except

Maintaining the cell's water balance

A cell that is actively involved in synthesizing proteins for export from the cell contains large amounts of

rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The cellular organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of cellular waste products and toxins is called a

lysosome

The majority of living plant cells are connected by

plasmodesmata

Which of the following is responsible for chromosome movement?

microtubules

Cell walls are found in addition to cell membranes in which types of cells?

Bacterial cells and plant cells

Selective permeability is an aspect of the

plasma membrane

____________________ involves the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins located in the cell membrane.

Facilitated diffusion

A biologist observes that the concentration of potassium inside the cell's of Paramecium is much lower than the concentration of the pond water that it was collected from. Potassium diffuses easily across the membranes of dead Paramecium. What process accounts for the concentration of potassium in living Paramecium ?

Active Transport

Transport of sodium out of the cell via the sodium-potassium pump is an example of

Active transport

As part of your graduate work, you are interested in discerning a two-dimensional slice of a portion of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The best tool to obtain an image of this is

transmission electron microscope

Photoautotrophs

obtain energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide

Chemoautotrophs differ from photoautotrophs in that

Chemoautotrophs oxidize inorganic chemicals to obtain energy

Some animal viruses have an outer membrane to which glycoproteins are attached. Inside the host cell, where does synthesis of the glycoproteins take place?

Host endoplasmic reticulum

The function of the mitochondria is

to convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell.

Antibiotic resistance develops when

antibiotics are used long enough to kill bacteria with no resistance but not long enough to kill the bacteria with some resistance

Identify the type of molecule that passes through the plasma membrane most easily:

small, hydrophobic molecules

If humans and cats belong to the same class, then they must also belong to the same

phylum

atoms with low electronegativities are most likely to form what kind of ions?

positively charged ions

Biology is the study of

cells, molecules found in living organisms, and the flow of energy through living systems

The phase "survival of the luckiest" means that

Individuals with traits that enable them to survive in the habitat they are in will have better odds for evolutionary success

Enzymes bind to particular substrates because

the shape and charge of the active site is complementary to the substrate.

Which organelle will produce steroid hormones in the testes and adrenal cortex while detoxifying alcohol in the liver?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What are the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for the -2 anion from the 170 isotope of oxygen

8p+, 9n, 10e-

In an exergonic reaction

the ΔG is negative.

When oxygen is not present, the products of glycolysis are converted to

lactate or ethanol

In glycolysis, glucose is converted into

two pyruvate molecules.

The third phosphate bond is called a high energy bond because

energy is released when the bond is broken.

A coupled reaction takes place when

the energy released from one reaction is used to fuel another.

When a molecule is reduced, it

gains electrons

The breakdown of sugar is an example of this type of reaction:

exergonic

What type of enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

hexokinase

Facultative anaerobes are organisms that

undergo fermentation when deprived of oxygen.

An important goal of the energy investment phase of glycolysis is the

phosphorylation of a 6-carbon molecule.

Fermentation differs from cellular respiration because

fermentation does not require oxygen

Aerobic respiration takes place in the

mitochondria

Comparing glycolysis under anaerobic conditions to glycolysis under aerobic conditions, which statement is true?

Glucose is converted to pyruvate and then lactate under anaerobic conditions, while it is converted to acetyl CoA under aerobic conditions

All of the following statements about pyruvate are true EXCEPT

Pyruvate is a peptide

An electron's trip through the electron transport train would be most analogous to that of a ball as it

falls from a balcony

The process of ATP production that is driven by the redox reactions of the electron transport train is called

oxidative phosphorylation.

Products of respiration include

carbon dioxide and water

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration?

glycolysis

All of the following are products of cellular respiration EXCEPT

oxygen

All of the following statements about the electron transport chain are true EXCEPT

It takes place at the same time in the cell as fermentation

Organisms that synthesize their own food are called

autotrophs

In his experiment with a potted tree, Van Helmont disproved the hypothesis that plant tissue is composed of materials obtained from

the soil

Photosynthesis occurs in plant

chloroplasts

Joseph Priestly discovered that

the gas that a mouse removes from the air is produced by plants

Which of the following statements regarding water's role in photosynthesis is the most accurate?

Water is split during photosynthesis.

The main source of carbon in photosynthesis is from

carbon dioxide

The source of electrons in the formation of carbohydrate from CO2 during photosynthesis is

water

During photosynthesis __________ is oxidized and __________ is reduced.

water; carbon dioxide

Which wavelengths of light are plants best able to use in photosynthesis?

red and blue

Carbon dioxide is taken in and water vapor and oxygen are released through the

stomata

The fluid outside of the granum in a chloroplast is called the ___________.

stroma

Chlorophyll's absorption spectrum

explains why chlorophyll is green.