Earth science- earth's interior

STUDY GUIDE

Newton concluded that the core must be composed of some sort of _______ matter… ____ hallow

dense, not

Halley thought that the earth was ____ except for a core and two concentric rings that were rotating, causing the magnetic field to ____.

Hallow, change

Earth is made of what material?

rocky

The structure of earth can be described by ___ major layers based on their chemical composition

3

what are all the physical layers? in order

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, puter core, inner core

what is the crust primarily composed of?

silicon and oxygen (silicates)

what is the mantle primarily composed of?

silicates with magnesium

what is the core primarily composed of?

iron and nickel

The outer portion of earth is also defined on its __________ __________

physical properties

what are all the physical layers on earth? in order

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core

the lithosphere includes the ___ and _____ _______

crust, upper mantle

where is the asthenosphere located?

mantle below the lithosphere

where is the mesosphere located?

lower mantle

the outer core is responsible for its _______ _______

magnetic field

state of matter of the lithosphere

cool and rigid (solid)

state of matter for the asthenosphere

viscoelastic, moveable solid that allows tectonic plates to move

state of matter is the mesosphere is __________, ______

rigid, solid

state of matter in the outer core is….

liquid

what is the outer core made of

liquid molten metalic rock

what is the state of matter in the inner core?

solid

why is the inner core solid?

due to the intense pressure

As you move from the earths surface to the center the _______, _______, _______ will ______

temperature, density, pressure, increase

The temperature at earths core is as high as the surface of the _____

sun

The pressure at earths core is more than _____ million times greater than the atmospheric pressure on _____ surface

3, earths

what are the 2 main sources of heat energy?

heat leftover from the impacts during the early history of the solar system, heat generated by the decay of radioactive elements in the crust and mantle rocks

Heat is transferred from earths interior to the surface primarily through what?

convection within the mantle

what are seismic waves?

wave vibrations of energy that travel through and around earth

why do scientists use seismic waves?

to locate a earthqaukes epicenter

how do scientists locate the epicenter of an earthquake?

analyzing and comparing the arrival times of P and S waves

seismic waves are cause by sudden ______ of materials within the earth such as ______, _______, _________

movement, earthquakes, meteor impacts, large-man made explosions

seismic waves can tell us about the ______, ______, ______, ______ of each layer inside of earth

composition, density, state of matter, thickness

how does sound travel differently through various materials?

solids have a deeper sound, air has a higher pitch and hallow sound

study of earthquakes and seismic waves that move through and around earth is called ______

seismology

scientist who studies earthquakes and seismic waves

seismologist

seismic data that shows waves ____ or _____ as they change speeds going from one layer into another

reflect, refract

which wave arrives first?

P waves

which waves arrive second?

S waves

what motion do P waves travel in?

compression

what direction do p waves travel in?

parallel

what can P waves move through

solid, liquid, gas

which is the fastest type of wave?

P wave

where do P waves slow down?

liquid outer core

why do P waves slow down in liquid and air materials?

particles become less dense

P wave shadow zone is an area in which ___ P waves are recorded by seismographs because of refraction through that layer

no

what are S waves also known as

Shear waves or transverse waves

what direction do S waves move in

Perpendicular

what can S waves travel through

only solids

are S waves slower or faster than P waves?

slower

which waves are more destructive?

S waves

when do S waves stop

liquid outer core

the S wave shadow zone is an area where __ S waves are recorded by seismographs on the other side of earth because of a liquid layer

no

where do surface waves travel?

only through the top of the crust

what are surface waves responsible for?

most of the destruction from earthquakes, especially if it is near the surface

what motion do the rock parts move in surface waves?

circular

what pieces of evidence indicate that there is a moveable solid layer undergoing convection?

tectonic plates on the surface and S waves travel through the layer so it is a moveable solid

why is it important to calculate the location of an earthquake?

emergency response, risk mitigation, scientific understanding, awareness, infrastructure planning

device used to measure the movement of the ground below it. to detect and measure seismic waves

seismometer

a seismometer is connected to tools that record time and movement

seismograph

seismogram

what can one seismograph determine?

distance from an earthquake, but not the direction

what can 2 seismographs determine?

one of two locations

what can 3 seismographs determine?

one, exact location of the earthquake

_______ is the process used to locate an epicenter of an earthquake

triangulation

location where all the circles intersect is the location of the earthquake ______

epicenter

what is another term used for focus

hypocenter

the point within earth where an earthquake originates

focus/hypocenter

the point directly above the earthquake on earths surface is called the ____

epicenter

fracture in earths crust when movement occurs

fault

stronger seismic waves generate ____ movement of the seismometer needle

more

equation to calculate the change in travel time between P waves and S waves arrival time

S wave arrival time - P wave arrival time

how to find the distance from epicenter

8.4 x difference in travel time

How is heat transferred in crust?

conduction (rigid solid)

how is heat transferred in the asthenosphere?

convection (viscoelastic)

how is heat transferred in the outer core

convection (liquid)

how is heat transferred in the inner core

conduction (rigid solid)

how is heat transferred onto earths surface?

radiation (from the sun)

heat energy transferred by direct contact

conduction

what is convection?

heat energy transferred by a fluid movement

what is radiation

heat energy transferred through electromagnetic waves in space

Earth’s magnetic field provides evidence that there is a _____ ____ and _____ _____

liquid iron and nickel layer

we can measure the depth of these reflections and observe patterns of _____ as P and S waves move into earth

reflection

S wave particles move up and down as energy passes more ______

slowly

P wave particles collide back and forth as the energy passes _____

quickly

convection through the mantle occurs very ____ through the gradual movement of solid rock

slowly

convection through the mantle is associated with the movement of _______ ______ on earths surface

tectonic plates