mitochondria

what % of cell is composed of water ?

70

catabolic pathways

generate energy by break down of large molecules to smaller ones

anabolic

use energy to build large molecules from smaller ones

homeostasis

state of balance catabolism = anabolism

ATP is hydrolysed to…

ADP + inorganic phosphate

the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule generates how much free energy ?

7.3 kcal/mol

what does the chemiosmotic coupling theory state ?

ATP is generated by use of energy stored in form of protein gradients across biological membranes

draw the process of oxidative phosphorylation as per the chemiosmotic theory model

porins in the outer membrane of the mitochondria are permeable to what molecules ?

ions and molecules < 5 kDa

where are the ETC proteins located ?

cristae of inner mitochondrial mem

where do the TCA cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur ?

mitochondrial matrix

4 main functions of mitochondria

buffering redox potential in cytosol, urea production, biosynthesis of haem groups and ROS production

ROS

reactive oxygen species

what is a redox pair ?

oxidising and reducing eg. NAHD and NAD+

what are the 4 stages of respiration ?

glycolysis, link reaction, TCA cycle, ETC

aside from ATP and pyruvate what can glycolysis produce ?

biosynthetic intermediates like nucleotides and AA

anapleurosis

re-filling of catalytic intermediates

in what order are the protein complexes of the ETC found ?

NADH dehydrogenase, ubiquinone, cytochrome b-c, cytochrome c, cytochrome oxidase

where does pyruvate oxidation occur ?

in the mitochondrial matrix

list the intermediates between acetyl coA and oxaloacetate in the TCA cycle

citrate isocitrate a-ketoglutarate, succinyl, succinate, fumarate, malate

how many molecules of NADH FADH and ATP are produced by TCA cycle per glucose molecule (2 turns)

6 2 2

how does glutamine prevent reduced TCA function as a result of citrate loss to biosynthetic pathways ?

serves as alternative carbon source - converted to glutamate and a-KG which act as anapleurotic subs for the TCA cycle

lactic acidosis

accumulation of lactate in blood leading to acidic pH levels