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Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of __________ to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
Gunpowder, cannons, and armed trade.
Where was the Manchu land empire?
Central and East Asia
Where was the Mughal empire located?
South and Central Asia
Where was the Ottoman empire located?
Southern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa
Where was the Safavid empire located?
The Middle East
What were two main causes of rivalries and conflict in the period between 1450 and 1750?
Political and religious disputes
What were the four gunpowder empires?
Manchu China, Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire and Safavid Empire
Who was Pachacuti
Inca (emperor) of the Incas known for vast expansion
Mehmet II
Ottoman conqueror known for siege of Constantinople in 1453.
Babur
Founder of the Mughal empire
Shah Ismail I
Founder of the Safavid empire
Tokugawa Ieyasu
First Tokugawa shogun
Nurhaci
Unified Qing dynasty
Peter the Great
Greatest Russian tsar
Akbar
Great leader of Mughal empire, granting much religious tolerance
Istanbul
Ottoman Empire capital (formerly Byzantine Constantinople)
Shi’a Islam
Sect of Islam confined to Iran and Iraq after Battle of Chaldiran. Safavid religion.
What were two developments made by rulers attempting to centralize control?
Recruitment of military personnel and bureaucratic elites
What was the significance of the astrolabe?
Created by the Greeks, mastered by Muslims to measure the incline position of celestial bodies to determine location.
What was the significance of monsoon winds?
European mariners began to understand the circular gyre of trade winds especially Portuguese navigators who would sail West to reach India.
What was the significance of the caravel?
It was a 15th century Portuguese ship used to explore the West Coast of Africa. Lateen sails allowed it to sail into the wind. Columbus’ Nina and Pinta were Caravels.
What was the significance of the carrack?
It was a 15th century caravel with up to 4 masts used to trade along the African coast, America and Asia. Santa Maria
What was the significance of the Fluyt
A 16th century Dutch Cargo ship that could carry twice the cargo for less, making European sea trade more efficient.
What was a consequence of Columbian voyages across the Atlantic?
Increased interest and endorsement of transoceanic travel and trade.
Who sponsored Portuguese navigation to West Africa?
Prince Henry the Navigator
Under what Chinese dynasty did Zheng He expeditions expand Chinese influence into the Indian Ocean?
Ming Dynasty, later discontinued under the Qing.
The establishment of what type of business was exemplified in the Dutch East and British East India Companies
Joint Stock Exchanges
Where was the primary flow of silver located after 1570?
Silver flowed from Spanish Colonies in the Americas to Spain, later to Asian markets for luxury goods.
What was a main gold mine in the Spanish colonies?
Potosi in Peru
How did mercantilism motivate expansion>
Mercantilism cultivated the need for exclusive trade with a mother country in competition with other powers.
Describe the transoceanic exchanges between 1450 and 1750.
European manufactured goods, tea, spices, and tools were transported to the Americas, Whale oil, lumber, furs, tobacco, sugar and rum was transported from American to Europe. European guns and cloth were sent to Africa. Rum, iron products, cloth and tools were transported to the Americas in the middle passage.
Identify diseases exchanged between the Old and New Worlds.
Influenxa, typhus, diptheria, cholera, smallpox and measles.
Identify American food products that stabilized famines and populations in Europe.
Turkey, corn, potatoes, beans
What term is used to describe the new connections between the Eastern and Western hemispheres including the unintentional transfer of diseases and the introduction of staple crops from the Americas.
The Columbian Exchange
What is the significance of the Protestant Reformation?
It marked a break with existing Christian tradition, contributing to the growth of Christianity.
What catalyzed the Sunni and Shi’a split?W
The Battle of Chaldiran between the Ottomans and Safavids
What new religion developed as a syncretism between Hinduism and Islam?
Sikhism
How was the demand for labor affected by the increased global trade?
Global demand for raw materials and finished products intensified demand for labor. Peasant agriculture increased along with plantation farming.
Describe Chattel slavery
The ownership of a slave as property for labor
Describe indentured servitude
People enter a contract with someone to serve as a laborer for a fixed amount of time. ½ of European immigration to the Americas was indentured servants.
Describe the encomienda system
The king of Spain granted anyone going to the new World a set number of Native Americans for labor in exchange for Christianization.
Describe the Incan Mita system
Coerced labor system providing 1/7 of production to Spain.
What are European gentry?
Nobles and elites
Describe creoles
Elites of European descent, overlooked as peninsulares and lead many revolutions for equality.
What ended the Ming dynasty?
Defeat by the Manchus
What phrase describes how European monarchs legitimized their rule?
Divine right
Describe Aztec sacrificial practices.
Vassal states had to pay tribute in the form of people. Leading vassals
How did Louis XIV legitimize his rule?
He built a 712,000 sq. foot palace to centralize power, requiring all nobles to live on site.
Where did the casta system develop?
Central America and the Phillipines
Describe peninsulares
Those born in Spain or Portugal and moved to the New World and held the highest governmental positions.
Describe creoles
Those born in the New World but of European descent, denied position to government.
Desribe Mestizoes
Children of European and native American descent
Describe mulattoes
Children of European and African descent.
Who were bureaucratic elites within the Ottoman empire?
The janissaries corp were graduates of the Devshirme who became elites. they were converted to Christianity and drafted to the military
What did rulers often do to generate revenue?
Tribute collection, tax farming and collection
Describe the Mughal zamindars
Land owners and tax collectors that held lordship titles
Describe the Russian Boyars
The highest rank of Slavic feudalism, held the highest offices and were suppressed by Ivan.
What was the purpose of banners in Manchu China?
They provided a social stratification for Qing society
How did Asian states limit economic and cultural connectivity?
By enacting isolationist policiesl against trade
What were two growing African states as a result of maritime trade?
Asante and Kingdom of the Kongo
What is the significance of King Ferdinand II?
Sponsored Spanish exploration
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