Digital Systems Networking

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31 Terms

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Networking Hardware

  • Needed to physically interact with the computer

  • Some use cables, so those cards have socket to plug in and sent the appropriate electrical or optical signals

  • Some are wireless, so the cards have a radio and antenna to transmit signals

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Dial-Up Internet

used normal phone lines and a modem to convert the digital signal to an analogue signal that could be carried by the phone line

phone lines only support a narrow range of signal (since human voice only uses up about 4-8kHz frequency range, so a modem needs to map the signals to this limit

bandwidth was limited to a maximum of 56 kbps (kilobits)

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Modems

a device that lets your digital computer communicate over older analogue phone lines by modulating digital signals into analogue for sending, and demodulating them back into digital when receiving

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Host

a computer on the network

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What do you need to be to send something in a Network?

a host on that network

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IP Address (Internet Protocol)

a unique numerical identifier assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the IP for communication

hosts are assigned 1 (or occasionally more)

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2 Types of IP Addresses

either IPv4 addresses like 10.61.172.54

or IPv6 addresses like 2001:ac:0:8bb:0:135:6:1

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Port

used as well as IP address

allow multiple network programs to be running at one time

just a number, 0..65536 (ie, 16 bits)

for major protocols, the port number is documented and “well-known” but there is no enforcement

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Host, Port Pair

used to identify the source and destination of traffic

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Network Protocol

established set of rules that determine how data is transmitted between different devices in the same network

allows connected devices to communicate with each other, regardless of any differences in their internal processes, structure or design

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Why are Network Protocols Important?

ensure reliable and accurate communication between different devices (even if they’re from different manufacturers)

standardisation - create a common language for devices

help with error handling, data compression, encryption, and speed management

enable the internet to work globally

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Common Protocol Examples

Protocol

Purpose

Real-Life Example

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)

Used for browsing the web

Loading a website in chrome

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

Ensures reliable delivery of data

Sending an email

IP (Internet Protocol)

Handles addressing and routing

Your IP address identifies your device

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Tansfers files between computers

Uploading to a web server

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

Sends emails

Gmail uses this to send messages

DNS (Domian Name System)

Translates domain names to IP addresses

Turns "google.com" into 142.250.74.14

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TCP vs UDP (Transmission Control Protocol vs User Datagram Protocol)

Feature

TCP

UDP

Connection

Connection-oriented (establishes a session)

Connectionless (no session setup)

Reliability

Reliable - ensures data is received

Unreliable - no guarantee of delivery

Error Checking

Yes - with acknowledgements and retransmission

Yes - but no retransmission

Speed

Slower (due to overhead for reliability)

Faster (no delay for handshakes or ACKs)

Ordering

Guarantees data arrives in order

No order guarantee

Examples

Web browsing (HTTP/HTTPS), email (SMTP), file transfer (FTP)

Streaming (video/audio), gaming, VoIP

both transport layer protocols used for sending data over networks

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Network Architectures

There are two common network architectures used for communication and data exchange between devices in a network.

  • Client-Server

  • Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

<p>There are two common network architectures used for communication and data exchange between devices in a network.</p><ul><li><p><span>Client-Server</span></p></li><li><p><span>Peer-to-Peer (P2P)</span></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Client-Server

one device (the server) provides services, data or resources, and other devices (the clients) request or access these services

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Server

a powerful computer or system that stores and manages data, provides services, and responds to client requests

can handle multiple client requests simultaneously

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Client

device/application that sends requests to the server for resources or services

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Advantages of Client-Server

centralised management and control - easy to update and secure

scalability and maintenance are easier, especially with multiple clients

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Disadvantages of Client-Server

server overload or failure can disrupt service for all clients

requires more infrastructure and resources to manage the server

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Peer-to-Peer (P2P)

each device (peer) can act as both a client and a server, sharing resources, files, or services directly with other peers without a central server

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Peers

devices or nodes that communicate directly with each other

each one has the capability to request and provide resources or services

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Advantages of P2P

decentralised - no central server to fail

scalability as each peer adds more resources to the network

can be more efficient in terms of resource distribution

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Disadvantages of P2P

security and privacy can be harder to manage

can be inefficient for some applications if peers are unreliable or inconsistent

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Client-Server vs P2P

Both models are suited for different use cases depending on the required performance, control, and resources

Feature

Client-Server

P2P

Centralisation

Yes (server)

No

Resource Management

Server

Peers share equally

Scalability

Can become bottleneck if too many clients

Scale better as more peers join

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Network Bandwidth

the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted across a network in a specific amount of time

typically measured in bits per second (bps), or megabits per second (Mbps)

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Why is Network Bandwidth Important?

higher = faster downloads/uploads, smoother video streaming, and better performance for multiple users/devices

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Bandwidth

how much data can flow at once, not how fast it travels

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Bandwidth Contention in Networked Systems

mesh of interconnected routers

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Why Bandwidth Contention?

when multiple processes, devices, or users compete for limited network bandwidth

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Causes of Bandwidth Contention

  • high network traffic

  • limited available bandwidth

  • congested network paths

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Impact of Bandwidth Contention

  • increased latency

  • slower download/upload speeds

  • buffering in video or audio streams

  • dropped packets or failed transmissions