AP Psychology 7

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Physical symptoms without clear medical cause that cause distress.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Preoccupation with having a serious illness despite little or no symptoms.

Comorbidity

Presence of two or more disorders at the same time.

Anxiety Sensitivity

Fear of anxiety-related sensations.

Psychotherapy

Psychological treatment using talk-based techniques.

Biomedical Therapy

Treatment using medications or medical procedures.

Reliability

Consistency of diagnosis.

Validity

Accuracy of diagnosis.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder involving deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive behaviors.

Schizophrenia

A severe disorder involving distorted thinking, perception, emotions, language, and behavior.

Delusions

False beliefs held despite evidence.

Delusions of Persecution

Belief others intend to harm or target you.

Delusions of Grandeur

Belief you have exceptional importance, power, or identity.

Hallucinations

Sensory experiences without external stimulation.

Disorganized Thinking/Speech

Illogical or incoherent thought patterns.

Word Salad

Jumbled, meaningless speech.

Disorganized Motor Behavior

Unpredictable or inappropriate movements.

Catatonia (Catatonic Stupor)

Lack of movement and responsiveness.

Positive Symptoms

Added abnormal behaviors such as hallucinations or delusions.

Negative Symptoms

Reduction or absence of normal behaviors.

Flat Affect

Limited emotional expression.

Schizophrenia Causes

Genetic vulnerability, dopamine imbalance, brain abnormalities, and environmental stress.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

At least two weeks of depressed mood or loss of interest plus other symptoms.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

Chronic low-level depression lasting two or more years.

Depressive Disorder Symptoms

Sadness, fatigue, sleep/appetite changes, loss of interest, worthlessness.

Depressive Disorder Causes

Low serotonin/norepinephrine, genetics, stress, negative thinking.

Bipolar Disorder

Mood disorder involving episodes of depression and mania/hypomania.

Mania

Elevated mood, high energy, impulsivity, reduced need for sleep.

Bipolar I

At least one full manic episode.

Bipolar II

Hypomania plus major depression.

Specific Phobia

Irrational fear of a specific object or situation.

Agoraphobia

Fear of being in situations where escape is difficult.

Panic Disorder

Recurrent unexpected panic attacks.

Ataque de Nervios

Culture-bound panic-like emotional outburst.

Social Anxiety Disorder

Fear of negative evaluation in social situations.

Taijin Kyofusho

Fear of offending or embarrassing others.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Excessive, uncontrollable worry about many areas of life.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Obsessions and compulsions that interfere with life.

Hoarding Disorder

Persistent difficulty discarding possessions.

Dissociative Amnesia

Inability to recall important personal information.

Dissociative Amnesia with Fugue

Memory loss plus sudden travel and identity confusion.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Two or more distinct personalities.

Dissociative Disorders Causes

Severe early childhood trauma.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Persistent distress after experiencing trauma.

Anorexia Nervosa

Intense fear of weight gain and extreme food restriction.

Bulimia Nervosa

Binge eating followed by purging behaviors.

Personality Disorder

Inflexible, enduring behavior patterns that impair functioning.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Distrustful and suspicious of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Detached from relationships and emotions.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Eccentric behavior and odd beliefs.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Disregard for others’ rights and lack of remorse.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Excessive attention-seeking and emotionality.

Borderline Personality Disorder

Instability in mood, relationships, and self-image.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Social inhibition and fear of rejection.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Excessive need to be taken care of.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD)

Rigid perfectionism and control.

Deinstitutionalization

Movement from mental hospitals to community care.

Nonmaleficence

Do no harm.

Fidelity

Build trust and responsibility.

Integrity

Honesty and accuracy.

Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity

Protect autonomy and privacy.

Free Association

Saying whatever comes to mind.

Dream Analysis

Interpreting unconscious meaning of dreams.

Cognitive Restructuring

Replacing negative thoughts with realistic ones.

Fear Hierarchy

Ranking fears from least to most scary.

Cognitive Triad

Negative view of self, world, and future.

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Behavior change through reinforcement.

Exposure Therapy

Directly confronting feared stimuli.

Systematic Desensitization

Gradual exposure paired with relaxation.

Aversion Therapy

Pairing unwanted behavior with unpleasant stimulus.

Token Economy

Earning tokens for desired behavior.

Biofeedback

Learning to control bodily processes.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

CBT plus emotion regulation and mindfulness.

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Challenges irrational beliefs.

Humanistic Therapy

Focuses on personal growth and free will.

Person-Centered Therapy

Client directs session.

Active Listening

Therapist reflects and clarifies feelings.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Nonjudgmental acceptance.

Group Therapy

Therapy with multiple clients.

Individual Therapy

One-on-one therapy.

Hypnosis Uses

Pain control, anxiety reduction, memory recall.

Psychoactive Medications

Drugs that alter neurotransmitters.

Antidepressants

Increase serotonin and norepinephrine.

Antianxiety Medications

Reduce central nervous system activity.

Lithium

Mood stabilizer for bipolar disorder.

Antipsychotic Medications

Block dopamine activity.

Tardive Dyskinesia

Involuntary facial and body movements.

Psychosurgery

Surgical alteration of brain tissue.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

Magnetic pulses stimulate brain areas.

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

Electrically induced seizure.

Lobotomy

Severing frontal lobe connections.

Dysfunction

Interferes with daily functioning.

Distress

Causes personal suffering.

Deviation from Social Norm

Violates cultural expectations.

Stigma

Negative labeling and discrimination.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

American diagnostic manual.

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Worldwide diagnostic system.

Eclectic Approach

Using multiple therapy approaches.