4.27 proprioception and kinisthesis, 4.28 pain perception, 4.29 the gustatory system: taste, 4.30 the olfactory system: smell

proprioception

our sense of bodily position
work in conjunction with haptics to grasp and interact with objects

kinesthetics

our sense bodily motion
work in conjunction with haptics to grasp and interact with objects

neural prosthetic

feeling through machine

nociception

sense of pain signalled by specialized nociceptors

fast fibres

register sharp, immediate pain

slow fibres

register chronic dull pain

the traditional theory

nociceptors are stimulated and send signals to the brain
(very straightforward and purely physiological)

phantom limb pain

pain felt by an amputee that seems to be located in the missing limb

placebo affect

when a person's physical or mental health appears to improve after taking a placebo or 'dummy' treatment. Placebo is Latin for 'I will please' and refers to a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no therapeutic benefit.

gate control theory

explains our experiences of pain as an interaction between nerves that transmits pain messages and those that inhibit these messages

topdown influences on pain

pain perception has a subjective component
emotion and expectations influence our experience

empathy and pain

having empathy for another person can result in a shared experience.

taste buds

receptors for taste, located on small bumps (papillae) that covers the tongue
receptors detect sweet salty bitter sour and umami
projection goes to thalamus>gustatory cortex

supertasters

have more taste buds, increasing their sensitivity to bitter substances

olfactory epithelium

thin layer of cells that are lined by sensory receptors called cilia

cilia

transmit transducer signals to olfactory bulb via that olfactory tract