AP african american studies Unit 2

Ladinos

Central Americans of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Atlantic creoles

a term used in North America to describe the Charter Generation of slaves during the European colonization of the Americas before 1660. These slaves had cultural roots in Africa, Europe and sometimes the Caribbean.

Chattel slavery

A chattel slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved. Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

Conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)

Juan Garrido

"First African-American" who was part of a small group of African freeman who came to the Americas to take part in the Spanish conquest

Estevanico

African guide who traveled with Cabeza de Vaca but would be killed by the Zuni Indians

Departure zones

A zone that is specified to arriving passengers only or departing passengers only.

The Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

The transatlantic slave

trade

Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Slave narratives

Published accounts of American slaves who related the hardships and injustices of slavery.

Slave ship diagram

An image had rarely been used as a propaganda tool in this way before and it proved to be very effective in raising awareness about the evils of the slave trade.

Abolitionists

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

Commodification

the process though which something is given monetary value

Deracination

to remove or separate from a native environment or culture; especially : to remove the racial or ethnic characteristics or influences from

Sengbe Pieh

a West African man of the Mende people who led a revolt of many Africans on the Spanish slave ship La Amistad in July 1839.

La Amistad

19th-century two-masted ship owned by a Spaniard colonizing Cuba.

Mende captives

Thirty five of the survivors were returned to their homeland (the others died at sea or in prison while awaiting trial).

Slave auction

a public sale in which slaves were sold to the highest bidders

Cash crop

a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.

Cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Second Middle Passage

The massive trade of slaves from the upper South (Virginia and the Chesapeake) to the lower South (the Gulf states) that took place between 1820 and 1860.

Gang system

The organization and supervision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations.

Work songs

communal songs that synchronized the rhythm of work

Task system

A system of slave labor under which a slave had to complete a specific assignment each day. After they finished, their time was their own. Used primarily on rice plantations.

Gullah creole

-Spoken by the Gullah/Geechee, Sea islands and in the coastal regions of North+South Carolina, Georgia, NE Florid

Racial nomenclature

Mulatto

A person of mixed African and European ancestry

Griffe

A person of mixed (black and white) race, especially the offspring of a mulatto (person of mixed black and white ancestry) and a person of fully black ancestry.

Rice Fanner Basket

made by an enslaved person on the South Carolina coast. The large shallow, round tray shaped basket is made of reeds, rush and palmetto coiled and woven together.

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

Code Noir

a set of laws governing the conduct of the slaves during the French colonial period

Stono Rebellion

The most serious slave rebellion in the the colonial period which occurred in 1739 in South Carolina. 100 African Americans rose up, got weapons and killed several whites then tried to escape to S. Florida. The uprising was crushed and the participants executed. The main form of rebellion was running away, though there was no where to go.

South Carolina's 1740

slave code

illegal for slaves to move abroad, assemble in groups, raise food, earn money, and learn to write English. Additionally, owners were permitted to kill rebellious slaves if necessary."

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process - basically slaves would remain slaves in non-slave states and slaves could not sue because they were not citizens

Partus sequitur ventrem

Status follows the womb -- important idea in modern slavery

Racial taxonomy

race-based classification system

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Hypodescent

sometimes called the "one drop of blood rule"; the assignment of children of racially "mixed" unions to the subordinate group

Sprituals

Religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the realities of slavery

The American

Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Asylum in Spanish Florida

a royal decree proclaiming that runaways would be granted asylum in Florida in return for converting to Catholicism, which required baptism with Christian names, and serving for four years in the colonial militia.

Fort Mose

first free African settlement in America

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Maroon communities

African refugees who had escaped slavery in the Americas and developed their own communities in Brazil and the Caribbean.

Charles Deslondes

In 1811, he led between 180 and 500 slaves in an attempt to seize New Orleans

German Coast Uprsiing

a revolt of slaves in parts of the Territory of Orleans on January 8-10, 1811. The uprising occurred on the east bank of the Mississippi River in what is now St. John the Baptist, St. Charles and Jefferson Parishes, Louisiana

Madison Washington

- Led a revolt aboard the Creole ship that was taking 135 African slaves from Virginia to New Orleans

- Sailed the ship to the British Colony of the Bahamas where slavery had been abolished

- Fishermen in the Bahamas surrounded and protected the ship: slaves got freedom

Mutual-aid societies

self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers

Maria Stewart

The first black woman to lecture on women's rights and slavery in public in the early 1830s in Boston. Encountered vocal opposition and violence. Garrison published some of her lecture's in The Liberator.

Great Dismal Swamp

A heavily forested area on the Virginia-North Carolina border that served as a refuge for fugitive slaves during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Quilombo dos Palmares

the largest quilombo located in the state of alagoas

Manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave.

Indigenous enslavers

slavery of and by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Emigration

Migration from a location

Black nationalism

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Anti-emigrationism

opposed to immigrants or immigration

Fugitive Slave Acts

series of laws passed from 1787 to 1864 dealt with the treatment of escaped slaves

Moral suasion

The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values and beliefs, without the use of enticements or force.

Integrationists

a person who believes in, advocates, or practices social associations of people of different racial or ethnic backgrounds.

Radical resistance

-by the mid 1960s, a new form of protest developed, rejecting King's non-violent methods

-leaders came from more northern states and argued that they faced intense discrimination in the form of poverty, poor housing, health, education, wages and crime problems

-they didn't think the Civil Rights campaign had done anything to help these issues

-argued they should take control of their own lives and not wait for white America to make changes

The Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Combahee River raid

Harriet Tubman led the ___________ during the Civil War and helped liberate more than 700 slaves in South Carolina.

Incidents in the Life of a

Slave Girl

Harriet Jacobs, 1861

13th Amendment

Abolition of slavery

Freedom days

February 1 is the annual observance of National Freedom Day in the USA. This day honors the signing of resolution that later became the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

Juneteenth

June 19, 1865; the date slaves were declared free in Texas