Chapter 9 The Crusades, Military Orders, and the Inquisition

The three European classes

1.) Clergy
2.) Nobility
3.) Peasantry

When and what made it clear to Islam they could expand into Europe

The rise of the Seljuk Turks and the defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, it was clear that Islam could expand into Europe.

What did crusade come from?

Traced to the cross or crux

What is crux?

A piece of cloth that is worn as a badge on the crusading knight's outer garments.

Crusades is a war of....

Crusades is a war of all religious characters

How many crusades were there, when and why did it begin

8 Crusades began in 1096 - 1270 in response to the Holy Land and in Spain against continued Muslim Expansion

Name the 4 outcomes of the Crusades

1.) Crusades held back Turkish expansion into Europe for 400 yrs.
2.) Crusades made pilgrimages to the Holy Land easier and Muslims eventually trusted Christian Holy Places in Palestine to Franciscans.
3.) Contact with the Eastern Christianity and the East encouraged travel and search for ideas, technology, goods, culture etc
4.) Crusades caused influence on military technology from improvements on constructing castles and siege engines - battering rams, towers, catapults

What areas did Islamic forces seize in the Christian world

Palestine, Egypt, Asia Minor, and North Africa

Who or what halted Muslim expansion

Muslim expansion was only halted by Charles Martel's defense of Western Europe and the Byzantine Empire's defense in the East.

What happened to many Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land

At many times they were often robbed, beaten and killed.

When, where, and Who declared the first crusade

In 1095, Bl Pope Urban II held a council in Clermont, France to begin the Crusade. He proclaimed an organized assault in defense of Christian Europe.

Name the 2 temporal and 3 non-temporal offered to the crusades

Temp: Penance and Indulgences
Non-Temp: Reduction of taxes, dissolving debt payments, and the protection of the crusaders' families

Who traveled cities preaching for a Crusade

Bl Peter the Hermit of Amiens

Person whose preachings inspired thousands to join the Second Crusade in the twelfth century. Traveled all across Europe sometimes convincing entire parishes to set out to the east the next day.

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

When and where was the 1st crusade

1095-1099 in Constantinople

Which crusade was considered the most successful

The First Crusade (1095-1099)

What was conquered during the 1st crusade

They besieged the city of Nicea and afterwards took the city of Antioch in 1098. Jerusalem fell in 1099.

Why was the 1st crusade a success

Their campaign was a success and because the Muslims were politically divided.

Who kept direct control of Jerusalem and when was it retaken

Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin kept direct control of Jerusalem, until it was retaken in 1291

The Kingdom of Jerusalem as a crusader state was held for nearly ___________ years.

200 years.

3 reasons as to why Jerusalem was continuously shrinking

1.) Many European Crusaders left the Holy Land and returned to Europe. Several settlers stayed yet this was not enough.

2.) An influx of traveling pilgrims and soldiers made it difficult to maintain control over people of largely different faith and cultures.

3.) Organizing a government for a population of Muslims, Jews, Eastern and Western Christians was no easy task and that is still evident today

What did the Turks capture in 1144

In 1144, the Turks recaptured the city of Edessa.

Who was the emperor and king during the 2nd crusade, what was their purpose and did they succeed

King Louis of France and Emperor Conrad II of Germany set out to capture the city of Damascus, where they failed having to retreat

When is the 3rd crusade

1189-119

Which crusade is the most popular and why

Perhaps the most famous due to its role in providing background of the Robin Hood stories.

Who were the turks unified under by

The Turks was unified under Sultan Malik Nasser Salah El Al Din or Saladin

Who set out in the 3rd crusade to disrupt the unity of the Turks under Saladin

Richard the Lionheart of England, with Emperor Frederick I of Barbarossa, and King Philip II of France against the Turks who was unified under Sultan Malik Nasser Salah El Al Din or Saladin.

What is another name for Saladin

Sultan Malik Nasser Salah El Al Din

Who is Saladin

The great unifier, had forged the Muslim Near East into a single entity while preaching jihad against the Christians.

When and what happened in the Battle of Hattin

In 1187 at the Battle of Hattin, his forces wiped out the combined armies of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem and captured the relic of the True Cross which caused the 3rd Crusade.

What caused the 3rd Crusade

The battle of hattin (1187)

The 4th Crusade resulted in....

The 4th Crusade resulted in the sack of Constantinople in 1203.

The 4th Crusade is involved what group of people, when, and what was the result

In 1212 Children caught up in known as "Children's Crusade" against the Turks. Before they even arrived in the Holy Land, many either starved to death, killed by disease, or we captured and made slaves.

When did Christians eventually lose the Holy Land

Christians eventually lost the Holy Land in 1291

What were the people hopeful for in the crusades

Hopeful that the crusades would help heal the Great Schism of 1054 and create a better relationship and communication with the East.

When and What ruined the relationship between the East and the West

After the sacking of Constantinople during the 4th Crusade, the relationship between the East and the West was ruined.

Originally the West called the East for help to sustain Byzantine territory against the Muslims.

FALSE: Originally the East called the West for help to sustain Byzantine territory against the Turks.

What occurred in 1261 and 1453

The Byzantine's regained control of their capital in 1261, but would eventually be defeated by the Turks in 1453, the fall of the Roman EMpire

Why, When, and who asked the cardinal overseeing the 5th crusade permission to travel to Palestine to convert

1219 - St. Francis of Assisi asked the cardinal overseeing the 5th crusade permission to travel to Palestine and meet with the Muslim leader Sultin Malik-al-Kamil

What was the purpose and result in 1219 - St. Francis of Assisi when he traveled to Palestine

His purpose was to meet and talk with Muslim leader Sultin Malik-al-Kamil in order to convert him. St. Francis met with the sultan daily for a month discussing religion. While he was not able to convert the sultan, they became friends and the sultan granted him safety to and from the Holy Land.

Who granted St. Francis of Assisi safety to and from the Holy Land.

Muslim leader Sultin Malik-al-Kamil

What did the combining of military orders and religious life emphasize

Emphasized dedication, discipline, and monastic organization.

What were warrior monks bound with

The warrior monks were bound with poverty, chastity and obedience.

What were the 3 oldest and most respected knights

The Knights Templar (white armor w red cross)
The Knights Hospitallers (brown/biege armor w white cross)
The Teutonic Knights (white armor w black cross)

When, why, and who founded the Knights templar

1118, a group of 9 French knights founded the eldest of these 3 orders, the Knights Templars specifically to protect pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem.

Where did the name "the knights templar" derive from

"The Poor Brothers of the Temple of Jerusalem" or Templars.

The Knights Templar were organized, name the three rank divisions

Aristocratic soldiers, clergy, and lay brothers from the lower ranks of society.

Who were the two, where, and when approved the Knights templar

The Pope approved the order at the Council of Troyes in 1128 and St. Bernard of Clairvaux, wrote a rule for them based on the Cistercian Rule.

What happened in the Council of Troyes in 1128

The Pope approved the order "Knights templar" and St. Bernard of Clairvaux, wrote a rule for them based on the Cistercian Rule.

What was the major roles of the knights templar

Assumed roles of safeguarding the transportation of western money which flowed to the east, resulting in the templars becoming one of the most important banking institutions of the age

True or false: After the fall of the Holy land the templars returned to Europe.

TRUE

What happened to the knights templar after returning to their holdings in Europe

The Templars became excellent loaners and transferers of the capital. Their clients included the popes and the French Kings.

What was the result fo the Knights templar becoming wealthier

Threatened by their wealth and Influence, the French King Philip the Fair maliciously sought to destroy the order. He charged the Templars with heresy and pressured Pope Clement V to suppress it in 1312.

Who is French Philip the Fair

Threatened by the knights templars wealth and influence he charged them with heresy and pressured Pope Clement V to suppress it in 1312.

When, why, and who founded the Knights Hospitallers

1130, grew out of an already existing work of charity consisting of the care of sick pilgrims

What did the Knights of Hospitallers contribute to

The defense of Jerusalem and served as medical corps to the Crusaders.

True or false: After the fall of Africa in 1261, the Hospitallers retreated to the island of Rhodes. They held Rhodes for two centuries until 1523 when the islams captured it.

FALSE: After the fall of Palestine in 1291, the Hospitallers retreated to the island of Rhodes. They held Rhodes for two centuries until 1523 when the Turks captured it.

Why are the Knights Hospitallers given the tittle the "knights of malta"

Because after the capture of Rhodes, Emperor Charles V bestowed upon them the island of Malta. Although they were expelled from the island by Napoleon in 1798, the order still exists today. Known as the Knights of Malta, the order has long since, put down the sword and exists only as a philanthropic confraternity.

When and who are the Teutonic Knights

1190- a number of crusaders from Germany joined with Brothers of the Hospital of Saint Mary of Jerusalem in order to form the Teutonic Knights.

When and where did the Teutonic Knights move their headquarters and what was it results/success

In 1229 the Knights moved their headquarters to Prussia and helped the German expansion. The knights took Prussia and others lands such as Estonia, Lithuania, and parts of Russia until it stopped by the 1400.

When, why, and who ended the knights

The knights remained until the 16th century when the grand master Albert of Hohenzollern abandoned Catholicism (1525) and became a Lutheran Grand Duke of Secularized Prussia.

When was the catholic faith dominant in Europe.

The Middle Ages

How was the church tied to European life

Tied socially, politically and economically

Who were the political arms of the Church appointed to assist and preserve the Christian world.

Civil authorities, despite their impiety or any dishonest intentions

True or false: Catholic Doctrine and practice was a flourishing matter of private belief

False: was no longer a matter

What was the response to the Inquisition

Albigensianism

What is Albigensianism

Heresy that saw the soul as good and the body as evil.

What drove Albigensianism

This appealed to a misunderstood sense of Christian piety and self sacrifice. Belief in evil war, physical pleasure and even matter itself.

Name the 4 that Albigensianism rejects

1.) The Mass, sacraments, and ecclesiastical hierarchy and organization

2.) Feudal governments and refused to abide by oaths or allegiances

3.) Marriages and continuing the human race as they viewed producing offspring as evil. They however allowed homosexual relations as an alternative. (goal was to end human race, so they accepted homosexuals)

4.) suicide = evil, by shedding themselves of their bodies, they would be pure enough to obtain eternal life

When, who, what, and where was a crusade called to suppress the Albigensians

In 1208, an Albigensian follower killed the Papal Legate, and Pope Innocent III reacted by calling a crusade to suppress the Albigensians in France

How long did the purge caused by Albigensian last

dragged one for more than 20yrs

What was the result of the purge

Thousands died and Albigensian land in France was seized. Civil rulers became increasingly more involved with the prosecution and punishment of heretics to maintain civil order.

what occurred in 1231

Pope Gregory IX established the Inquisition as a means of detection and purgation of heresy.

Who and were appointed

Pope Gregory IX appointed Papal Inquisitors, mostly Dominicans and Franciscans, who could serve as independent judges free from civil authorities

Who had to adhere to the rules of canonical procedures.

The pope appointed judges or inquisitors

What two new orders that were mainly chosen due to their theological training and religious formation.

The Dominicans and Franciscans

What church qualities for mentioned for Inquisitors who had a hard time indirectly choosing life and death.

1.) The Faith,
2.) The salvation of souls
3.) The extermination of heresy

What is the process for Inquisition

Begins with "term of grace" where an Inquisitor enters an area and allows people to appear, confess their sins, and perform penance

What is the process if the accused still does not confess

confinement, extraction by visit of tried man, threat of fear or death, gaining of evidence

What is "Bon viri"

Good mean

Who were "Bon viri" (good men)

Frequently called upon. 30-80 persons, laymen, and priests (highly respected men) would be summoned and sworn to give a verdict

What were the 2 questions for "Bon viri"

Culpability (and the reason for it) and Punishment.

What happens in the final verdict in the Inquisition

Announced in a ceremony, if found guilty would be turned over to civil power

Name the 3 sorts of punishments

1.) small punishments - building and visitation to the church, pilgrimage, offering candle or chalice, participation in crusade

2.)Harshest punishments - imprisonment, various degrees of exclusion as well as consequent surrender to the civil power which might include death.

3.) Harshest punishments - imprisonment, various degrees of exclusion as well as consequent surrender to the civil power which might include death.

When, what, and where was the height of Inquisition

At the height of the Inquisition in France, in the 13th century, 3 people were burned at the stake for heresy per year.