Period 3 (1754-1800) Key Ideas and Concepts

Key events and concepts that happened during Period 3 of APUSH

Albany Plan of Union

advocated for the colonies to come together for defense to wage war on behalf of Britain. British rejected because too much power to the colonies. Colonists rejected because they didn’t trust each other yet.

Realpolitik

Native American way of shifting alliances throughout conflicts, siding with who they would benefit most.

Treaty of Paris 1763

• France looses all North Ameircan territorial possessions

• England gains Canada and North America from the French, and Florida from the Spanish

• Consolidated British control of the Eastern half of North America.

Consequence of Seven Years’ War

British victory may have been total, but economically the war was extremely costly, causing new problems.

Salutary Neglect

policy where England let colonists deal with colonial matters.

Englands greater aspirations after Seven Years’ War

more colonial subordination and sharing of imperial expenses. They want to make money.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Native Americans retaliated as colonists pushed into the western frontier, where Natives had previously been living.

Proclamation of 1763

Forbode colonial settlement west of Appalachian Mountains. Cheapest way possible to keep the peace, rather than sending physical troops over.

Colonist sentiment towards Proclamation of 1763

felt that they had made great sacrafices and contributions to war efforts. Felt they had earned the right to the lands. Why the war had been fought.

Sugar Act

new duties aimed at deterring molasses smugglers, strongly enforced the duties.

Currency Act

forbade colonists to issue paper money, British attempt to enact greater control over the colonies.

Quartering Act

stationed large numbers of troops in colonies and forced colonists to house and feed them.

Stamp Act

tax on legal documents, lawyers primarilly affected, the colonial tradition of self-taxation was taken away by parliament.

Virtual Representation

• parliaments response to no taxation without representation

• role of parliament was to legislate on behalf of the colonists

Colonists view of Virtual Representation

• colonists identified as englishmen, with the full rights of englishmen, who lived not in england

• promoted by ideals from the Great Awakening and Enlightenment thinking

• colonists have now seen more done to them than done for them

• shared grievances bring the colonies closer together

Committees of Correspondence

response to Townshend additions, trade ideas and inform others of the political mood. Convince colonists to take an interest in the conflict.

Stamp Act Congress

first time there was a meeting to discuss the issues with Great Britain.

First Continental Congress

enumerated American grievances, developed a strategy to address them, formulated a position for the colonists regarding relationship with the Crown.

Important Meetings Overall

• colonial leaders coming together for legal arguements for the unjust moves by British Empire

• philosophical principle

• legalistic principle

• discuss liberty and governance

Grassroots Movements Overall

• involved persons from all levels of society

• greater working class

• direct and often violent action

Son’s of Liberty

• protest groups in support of destruction and intimidation of British officials. Effective in repealing the Stamp Act

• collected supplies, established intelligence networks, and created shadow governments at the local level (helps create minutemen)

Nonimportation Agreements

colonial boycott on British Goods (from Townshend Act), required participation at all levels of society, decreased importations by 40%

Minutemen

small colonial militia that could be called upon at a minutes notice (Lexington and Concord)

Boston Massacre

result of quartering act, where colonists incited violence, 5 - killed and resulted in massive propaganda in the colonies

Boston Tea Party

response to the British East India Company gaining a monopoly on tea trade in the colonies, example of public defiance as a public statement.

Women in the Boycott Movement/Revolution

• created handmade alternatives to British goods, became a political statement

• critical to the success of the boycott

• produced supplies for the army (ammunition, bandages, etc)

• traveled with them to tend to the wounded.

Declaratory Act

asserted British right to tax and legislate in any of its colonies, without their consent.

Townshend Act

taxed goods from Britain, colonists could no longer refuse to pay tax collectors, more offices to enforce the new Acts

Writs of Assistance

gave power to search any place suspected of smuggling

Massachusetts Circular Letter

called for all other assemblies to protest the British in unison. results in non-consumption and nonimportation of British Goods protest.

Intolerable Acts

• response to the Boston Tea Party

• closed the Boston Harbor until tea was paid for,

• tightened English control over the Massachusetts government

• convinced colonists of future encroachments by the British Crown.

Quebec Act

• granted liberties to catholics, who protestants primarily hated

• extended the boundaries of the Quebec Territory

• Pissed off the colonists

Battle of Lexington and Concord

• british wanted to arrest ring leaders and confiscate weapons

• minutemen were ready to meet them

• colonists “won” the first battle, starting the revolution

• still wasn’t a lot of support for the cause

Loyalists

government officials, anglicans, merchants dependent on England, and minorities (slaves and native americans)

Patriots

white, protestant, property holders and gentry, urban artisans, and puritans

• strongly oppsed of British taxation without their representation.

The majority of people

really wanted the whole thing to blow over

Second Continental Congress

• established continental army, print money, and offices to supervise policy.

• chose George Washington as leader, because he was liked and a Southerner (needed more support from that region)

Olive Branch Petition

• last ditch effort to avoid military conflict with GB

• GB completely ignored, already considering the colonies in open rebellion

• important becuase colonies were still trying to make amend 1 year before declaring independence

Common Sense (1776)

• by Thomas Paine

• Enlightenment ideals

• written in simple English for all to read

• sold rapidly and a major contributor in swaying the colonies towards independence

Decleration of Independence

• written by Thomas Jefferson

• listed colonial grievances

• stated principles of individual liberties and government responsibilities to serve its people

• marked the War for Independence

• did not include that all were equal

Battle of Saratoga

resulted in a French governement alliance

Battle of Yorktown

symbolic end to the war, resulted in negotiations between the US and GB

Colonists struggle to recruit soldiers

• 5000 blacks fought for the Americans, granted freedom after the war

• Franco - American Alliance, major turning point for the war and pivotal in wining the conflict

Treaty of Paris (1783)

• granted US independence

• generous territorial gains

Consequences of the Revolutionary War

we were unable to pay the soldier that had fought in the war, we had amassed a huge debt

Articles of Confederation

first national consitution

limitations of the Articles of Confederation

• couldn’t raise army

• not enforce state or individual taxes, or draft military

• not regulate trade

• no executive or judicial branch

• gave each state 1 vote

• 9/13 states had to agree to pass a law

• In order to change the Articles, there must be a unanimous vote

Post-War British

flooded out markets with their goods, wouldn’t leave previous outposts

Shay’s Rebellion

• Daniel Shay couldn’t pay for his farm due to the government not being able to pay him after the war

• Massachusetts government couldn’t raise an army to put down the rebellion, so the citizens had to take matters into their own hands

• The leading reason for the constitutional convention

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• first Bill of Rights

• abolished slavery in the Northeast

• laid the groundwork for statehood

Annapolis Convention

• first attempt to revise the Articles

• ran by Alexander Hamilton, no one came!

Constitutional Convention

• meeting in Philly to revise the constitution

• all white, wealthy lawyers or landowners, many owned slaves

• diverse opinions on what to with the Articles

New Jersey Plan

modifications to the Articles, equal representation from each state in congress

Virginia Plan

• James Madison

• implements check and balances

• representatives based on population

• executive, legislative, and judicial branches

• expanded powers to the legislative branch

Great Compromise

blend between NJ and VA plans for 2 house legislature

3/5 compromise

slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person in order to fairly represent the population of the South

Anti-Federalists

backcountry opposition to Constitution over no Bill of Rights, would later be added after its ratification

Federalists

argued throught the federalist papers, which were effective in the passage of the constitution

Cabinet System

created by George Washington, which wasn’t explicitly stated in the Constituiton

Alexander Hamilton

secretary of tresuary, who supported a strong federal government

Thomas Jefferson

secretary of state, strong state governments, with the federal government only defending the country and regulating commerce.

National Bank

• regulate and strengthen the economy

• not in the constitution

Strict Construcitonists

believed the constitution needed to be followed word for word

Loose Constructionists

believed consitution had implied powers to it

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• assume the states debts

• repay through land on the Western Frontier

• many southern states had payed back their debts while the northern ones hadn’t

• compromise was that Washington DC would be in the South

Neutrality Proclamations

Washington declared that US didn’t want to get involved in any conflicts, but wouldn’t oppose another nation

Federalist Party

• Hamilton, Washington, Adams, Jay, Marshall

• economy based on commerce

• Strong Federal Government

• Support from Wealthy and Northeasterners

• Loose interpretation of Constitution

• National Bank needed

• Liked Great Britain more

Democratic-Republicans

• Jefferson, Madison

• Agriculture economy

• strong state governments

• Support from Yeoman Farmers and Southerners

• Strict interpretatoin

• Bank was only a desire

• Liked France more

Whiskey Rebellion

farmers resisted an excise tax on whisky (apart of Hamilton’s Financial Plan), government was able to put down the insurgence.

Jay’s Treaty

• prevented war with GB

• involved a lot of payments to GB

• created executive privelege

Pickney’s Treaty

prevented attacks on western frontier by Native Americans, use of Mississippi River, access to the world market, removed forts.

Washington’s Farewell Address

warned of the sectional divisions, political party conflicts, and to steer clear of foreign entanglements

Republican Motherhood

inspire men to be good citizens in society, women were the primary teachers and caretakers of the time.

John Adams

hands off presidency, was hard to like, had Hamilton calling most of the shots.

XYZ Affair

• as a result of France seizing American ships

• French official of the names “X,Y, and Z” demanded insane bribes from the US

• Adams was hailed as a hero for his success and created a strong Anti-French sentiment

Alien and Sedition Acts

• forcibly expel foreigners

• lengthen citizenship period

• jail newspaper editors for negative writing about President

• unconstitutional

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• by Jefferson

• states had the right to judge whether a law was constitutional

Nullification

states simply disregard a law or an order