central nervous system

slide 7

cerebrum

control site of nervous system

what does the cerebrum regulate

consciousness

communication

understanding

memory

what are the two parts of cerebral hemispheres

elevations (gyri)

valleys (fissures & sulci)

median longitudinal fissure

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

each cerebral hemisphere is divided into:

4 lobes

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frontal lobe

controls voluntary movement

• reasoning

• conscience

• impulse control

• short term memory

• language

• planning

  • motivation

three important regions of frontal lobe

• prefrontal cortex

• motor cortex

  • broca’s area

parietal lobe

mainly deals with / receives sensory input

processes visuospatial processing

important region of parietal lobe

somatosensory cortex

occipital lobe

deals with visual processing

visual cortex

inside occipital lobe

temporal lobe

deals with auditory processing

langauage recognition

interprets visual stimuli

controls long term memories

auditory cortex

part of temporal lobe

3 regions of cerebral hemisphere

gray matter, white matter, basal nuclei

coconut

cerebral hemisphere is built like a coconut?

gray (brown in coconuts) layer on the outside

white matter inside

basal nuclei are like seeds (pretend coconut has seeds)

basal nuclei description/ location

islands of gray matter deep in white matter

cerebral cortex volume

2-4mm in thickness

~40% of total brain mass

what does gyri and sulci have to do with surface area

triples the surface area of cerebral cortex

where are higher order functions (e.g. memory, language) in cerebral cortex

spread over large areas (multiple lobes involved)

motor areas of cerebral cortex

frontal lobes

sensory areas of cerebral cortex of cerebral cortex

parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

association areas of cerebral cortex

all lobes

lateralization

hemispheres are effectively symmetrical, but not equal in function

contralateral sensory

left brain controls right movement

right bran controls left movement

what is cerebral white matter responsible for

communication

why is white matter white

high density of myelinated fibers bundled to large tracts

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three subcortical nuclei

caudate

putamen “pod”

globus pallidus “pale globe”

brain figure in slide 13

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diencephalon location

between the cerebrum and the brainstem

3 structures in diencephalon

thalamus

hypothalamus

epithalamus

thalamus

bilateral, egg-shaped nuclei

how big is thalamus

~80% of diencephalon

what does the thalamus do anatomically

form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle

thalamus function

relay station for information coming into cerebral cortex

• all info is “sorted” and “edited”

• ALL input goes through thalamic nuclei

many thalamic nuclei are needed for signal processing

how does the thalamus and thalamic nuclei “sort” and “edit” info

similar signals are relayed as a group by internal capsule

crude afferent signal recognition

hypothalamus location

below the thalamus

(hypo - below)

hypothalamus function

caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the 3rd ventricle

visceral control center

whats critical to body homeostasis

hypothalamus

what does the hypothalamus regulate

the secretion of hormones by pituitary gland

slide 19

epithalamus location

dorsal (upper side) portion of diencephalon

forms roof of the 3rd ventricle

pineal gland function

secretes melatonin

regulates the sleep wake cycle (with hypothalamic nuclei)

brainstem

connects the brain to spinal cord

3 regions of brainstem

midbrain

pons

medulla oblongata

how much of brain mass is brainstem

about 3%. but stlil does a lot of function

brainstem composition

deep gray matter surrounded by white matter fiber tracts

contains nuclei of embedded gray matter

brainstem function

produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival

pathway for signals running between the brain and spinal cord

midbrain

uppermost portion of the brainstem

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